decolorized by the participation of MnP and MIP of Coriolus hirsutus pellets and the
H 2 O 2 produced by glucose oxidase along with the participation of Lac enzyme. The
presence of melanoidins and other similar compounds in the medium can induce the
expression of MnP and Lac genes, both described as having synergistically action in
the degradation and depolymerization of melanoidins and other industrial pollutants
(Miyata et al. 2000; González et al. 2008). Gonzalez et al. (2008) reported the
induction of Lac by molasses wastewaters and molasses-melanoidins (MM) in
Trametes sp. I-62. The expression of Lac genes (lcc1 and lcc2) enhanced as a result
of the addition of complete molasses wastewater and its high MW fraction to fungal
cultures. Tapia-Tussell et al. (2015) also reported the expression of Lac genes in
T. hirsuta strain Bm-2, in the presence of phenolic compounds, as well as its efficacy
in removing colorants from vinasse. They found that Lac-encoding mRNA level was
increased in the occurrence of phenolic compounds compared to control sample. The
decolorization of vinasse was concomitant with the enhanced in laccase activity. The
highest (69.2%) decolorization of 10% (v/v) vinasse was obtained in the presence of
highest enzyme activity (2543.7 U mL
À1 ). However, ligninolytic enzymes have
failed to bring about complete mineralization of melanoidins and other organic
pollutants present in distillery effluent.
8 Two-Step Treatment Approach for Bioremediation
of PMDE
In the current scenario, considering the advantages and disadvantages of different
effluent treatment technologies, no single technology can be used for the complete
treatment of SW and PMDE. Hence, there is a need to establish a comprehensive
effluent treatment approach involving sequential treatment technologies. Therefore,
treatment of complex effluent by a novel two-step treatment/phase separation
method might be a novel and more promising approach for bioremediation of
distillery effluent. For instance, Ghosh et al. (2002) investigated the treatment of
anaerobically treated distillery effluent (PMDE) by a two-stage bioreactor by using
P. putida followed by Aeromonas sp. strain EMa in a two-stage bioreactor. In the
first stage bioreactor treatment, P. putida reduced the color and COD of distillery
effluent up to 60% and 44.4, respectively, while in the second stage bioreactor
treatment, Aeromonas sp. strain Ema reduced the effluent COD up to about
44.4%. Kaushik et al. (2010) investigated the treatment of SW in a three-stage
bioreactor by using fungus followed by bacterial species. Treatment was first carried
out by two fungus species Emericella nidulans var. lata and Neurospora intermedia
followed by one bacterium Bacillus sp. The treated spent wash showed a significant
reduction in COD (up to 93%) and color (up to 82%) after incubation of 30 h.
However, a combination of CW plant treatment technology after bacterial degradation offers an excellent system for removal of color from industrial effluent and
further reduction of BOD, COD, TDS, and HMs for safe disposal. Kumar and
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
521
H 2 O 2 produced by glucose oxidase along with the participation of Lac enzyme. The
presence of melanoidins and other similar compounds in the medium can induce the
expression of MnP and Lac genes, both described as having synergistically action in
the degradation and depolymerization of melanoidins and other industrial pollutants
(Miyata et al. 2000; González et al. 2008). Gonzalez et al. (2008) reported the
induction of Lac by molasses wastewaters and molasses-melanoidins (MM) in
Trametes sp. I-62. The expression of Lac genes (lcc1 and lcc2) enhanced as a result
of the addition of complete molasses wastewater and its high MW fraction to fungal
cultures. Tapia-Tussell et al. (2015) also reported the expression of Lac genes in
T. hirsuta strain Bm-2, in the presence of phenolic compounds, as well as its efficacy
in removing colorants from vinasse. They found that Lac-encoding mRNA level was
increased in the occurrence of phenolic compounds compared to control sample. The
decolorization of vinasse was concomitant with the enhanced in laccase activity. The
highest (69.2%) decolorization of 10% (v/v) vinasse was obtained in the presence of
highest enzyme activity (2543.7 U mL
À1 ). However, ligninolytic enzymes have
failed to bring about complete mineralization of melanoidins and other organic
pollutants present in distillery effluent.
8 Two-Step Treatment Approach for Bioremediation
of PMDE
In the current scenario, considering the advantages and disadvantages of different
effluent treatment technologies, no single technology can be used for the complete
treatment of SW and PMDE. Hence, there is a need to establish a comprehensive
effluent treatment approach involving sequential treatment technologies. Therefore,
treatment of complex effluent by a novel two-step treatment/phase separation
method might be a novel and more promising approach for bioremediation of
distillery effluent. For instance, Ghosh et al. (2002) investigated the treatment of
anaerobically treated distillery effluent (PMDE) by a two-stage bioreactor by using
P. putida followed by Aeromonas sp. strain EMa in a two-stage bioreactor. In the
first stage bioreactor treatment, P. putida reduced the color and COD of distillery
effluent up to 60% and 44.4, respectively, while in the second stage bioreactor
treatment, Aeromonas sp. strain Ema reduced the effluent COD up to about
44.4%. Kaushik et al. (2010) investigated the treatment of SW in a three-stage
bioreactor by using fungus followed by bacterial species. Treatment was first carried
out by two fungus species Emericella nidulans var. lata and Neurospora intermedia
followed by one bacterium Bacillus sp. The treated spent wash showed a significant
reduction in COD (up to 93%) and color (up to 82%) after incubation of 30 h.
However, a combination of CW plant treatment technology after bacterial degradation offers an excellent system for removal of color from industrial effluent and
further reduction of BOD, COD, TDS, and HMs for safe disposal. Kumar and
20 Bioremediation of Melanoidins Containing Distillery Waste for. . .
521