verticillioides, Aspergillus niger, Pleurotus florida, Aspergillus flavus,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Alternaria gaisen, Penicillium pinophilum,
Trametes sp., Geotrichum candidum, Neurospora intermedia, and Flavodon flavus
(Miyata et al. 2000; Sirianuntapiboon et al. 2004; Agnihotri 2015; Pant and
Adholeya 2007, 2009a,b; Singh and Dikshit 2011; Thakkar et al. 2006; Gonzalez
et al. 2000; Kim and Shoda 1999; Raghukumar and Rivonkar 2001; Fahya et al.
1997; Kaushik and Thakur 2013) and yeast Candida tropicalis and Candida
glabrata (Tiwari et al. 2012; Mahgoub et al. 2016), in particular, have such a
potential for degradation and decolorization of distillery effluent. Kaushik and
Thakur (2009) isolated five different fungi from the distillery mill-contaminated
site and the two isolates Emericella nidulans var. lata and Neurospora intermedia
having elevated capabilities to remove color from distillery effluent. Gonzalez et al.
(2000) and Kaushik et al. (2010) have been detected several metabolic products by
GC-MS analysis in distillery effluent after fungal treatment. The details identified
compounds are tabulated in Table 20.7. Three non-specific ligninolytic enzymes,
namely, manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and laccase (Lac),
secreted by various fungi are thought to be involved in the degradation of a wide
variety of natural and synthetic melanoidins and ROPs present in distillery effluent.
However, the spore formation and long growth cycle limit the performance of the
fungal system for the effluent and did not grow well in the aquatic system.
5.2.2 Bacterial Remediation of Distillery Waste
Bacteria generally inhabit ecological niches characterized by specific attributes such
as temperature, pH, specific carbon and nitrogen availability, and the presence of salt
and other chemical factors (e.g., solvent, oxygen, toxicants, inhibitors, etc.). Such
attributes determine the array of enzymes and metabolic routes necessary for the
survival of bacteria and are an important aspect of screening. It was, therefore,
thought that the contaminated site where sludge or effluent sample was being
disposed for several years might have enriched bacterial communities, which may
have evolved the ability to degrade complex organic pollutants. Distillery wastecontaminated soil or distillery sludge has been used as basis source of isolation of
potential melanoidin-degrading bacteria. The decolorization and detoxification of
synthetic and natural melanoidins containing wastewater were carried out in laboratory flask conditions with bacterial cultures such as by individual and mixed
cultures to check their biodegradation capability (Kumar and Chandra 2006;
Sankaran et al. 2015). Several bacterial groups, such as Paracoccus pantotrophus
(Santal et al. 2016), Enterobacter sakazakii, Bacillus sp., Raoultella planticola, and
Proteus mirabilis (Yadav and Chandra 2012); B. licheniformis, Bacillus sp., and
Alcaligenes sp. (Bharagava et al. 2009); B. badius, Lysinibacillus fusiformis (Mehta
et al. 2014), Bacillus sp. (Krzywonos 2012), Pseudomonas putida (Ghosh et al.
2009), Pseudomonas sp. (Sankaran et al. 2015), P. putida, Aeromonas sp. (Ghosh
et al. 2002), P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(Mohana et al. 2007), Alcaligenes faecalis (Santal et al. 2011), Pediococcus
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V. Kumar and R. Chandra
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Alternaria gaisen, Penicillium pinophilum,
Trametes sp., Geotrichum candidum, Neurospora intermedia, and Flavodon flavus
(Miyata et al. 2000; Sirianuntapiboon et al. 2004; Agnihotri 2015; Pant and
Adholeya 2007, 2009a,b; Singh and Dikshit 2011; Thakkar et al. 2006; Gonzalez
et al. 2000; Kim and Shoda 1999; Raghukumar and Rivonkar 2001; Fahya et al.
1997; Kaushik and Thakur 2013) and yeast Candida tropicalis and Candida
glabrata (Tiwari et al. 2012; Mahgoub et al. 2016), in particular, have such a
potential for degradation and decolorization of distillery effluent. Kaushik and
Thakur (2009) isolated five different fungi from the distillery mill-contaminated
site and the two isolates Emericella nidulans var. lata and Neurospora intermedia
having elevated capabilities to remove color from distillery effluent. Gonzalez et al.
(2000) and Kaushik et al. (2010) have been detected several metabolic products by
GC-MS analysis in distillery effluent after fungal treatment. The details identified
compounds are tabulated in Table 20.7. Three non-specific ligninolytic enzymes,
namely, manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and laccase (Lac),
secreted by various fungi are thought to be involved in the degradation of a wide
variety of natural and synthetic melanoidins and ROPs present in distillery effluent.
However, the spore formation and long growth cycle limit the performance of the
fungal system for the effluent and did not grow well in the aquatic system.
5.2.2 Bacterial Remediation of Distillery Waste
Bacteria generally inhabit ecological niches characterized by specific attributes such
as temperature, pH, specific carbon and nitrogen availability, and the presence of salt
and other chemical factors (e.g., solvent, oxygen, toxicants, inhibitors, etc.). Such
attributes determine the array of enzymes and metabolic routes necessary for the
survival of bacteria and are an important aspect of screening. It was, therefore,
thought that the contaminated site where sludge or effluent sample was being
disposed for several years might have enriched bacterial communities, which may
have evolved the ability to degrade complex organic pollutants. Distillery wastecontaminated soil or distillery sludge has been used as basis source of isolation of
potential melanoidin-degrading bacteria. The decolorization and detoxification of
synthetic and natural melanoidins containing wastewater were carried out in laboratory flask conditions with bacterial cultures such as by individual and mixed
cultures to check their biodegradation capability (Kumar and Chandra 2006;
Sankaran et al. 2015). Several bacterial groups, such as Paracoccus pantotrophus
(Santal et al. 2016), Enterobacter sakazakii, Bacillus sp., Raoultella planticola, and
Proteus mirabilis (Yadav and Chandra 2012); B. licheniformis, Bacillus sp., and
Alcaligenes sp. (Bharagava et al. 2009); B. badius, Lysinibacillus fusiformis (Mehta
et al. 2014), Bacillus sp. (Krzywonos 2012), Pseudomonas putida (Ghosh et al.
2009), Pseudomonas sp. (Sankaran et al. 2015), P. putida, Aeromonas sp. (Ghosh
et al. 2002), P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(Mohana et al. 2007), Alcaligenes faecalis (Santal et al. 2011), Pediococcus
512
V. Kumar and R. Chandra