Khataee et al. 2011). The potential of Spirogyra sp. freshwater green alga had been
investigated as a biosorbent for biodegradation of reactive textile dye from its
multicomponent textile effluent. Comparatively additional dye removal was
observed from autoclaved algal biomass relatively gamma irradiated. The effect of
process parameters, viz., pH, temperature, biomass concentration, and time, on dye
removal was studied. There was 85% removal of dye from dried autoclaved biomass
of Spirogyra sp. Khelifi et al. (2009) reported that the nonviable biomass acquired
high steadiness and efficiency for dye removal. The capability of Chlorella
pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulgaris, and Oscillatoria tenuis to decolorize 30 different
dyes was investigated by Jinqi and Houtian (1992). Fourteen of these azo dyes
reported decolorization up to 50% or higher, with results indicating that degradation
was directly related to the molecular structure of the azo compounds. Experiments
showed high dye decolorization with high uptake yield ranging from 50% to 88% at
all dye concentrations by Phormidium sp. (Ertugrul et al. 2008). Another study
showed that Phormidium sp. has high uptake yields (13–97%) than Synechococcus
at all tested dye concentrations (Sadettin and Donmez 2007). In open wastewater
treatment systems, especially in stabilization ponds, algae may therefore contribute
to the removal of synthetic dyes and aromatic amines from the water phase. While
diffusion of dye molecules from aqueous phase onto the solid biopolymer layer of
live microbial cells is reported to be quite efficient (Ozer et al. 2006), dry biomass of
algae is reported to be more useful due to greater stability and efficiency (Khalaf
2008).
Wastewaters usually contain more than one metal and dye. But most of the
studies related to metal and dye revolve around single component system. The
number of metals and dyes present in wastewater is expected to cause interactive
effects on biosorption. These may be the concentration of metals/dyes, the numbers
of metals/dyes competing for binding sites, and the nature and dose of biosorbent
(Chong and Volesky 1995; Kandah et al. 2003; Aksu et al. 2009). Abu Al-Rub et al.
(2006) have studied the biosorption of copper on Chlorella vulgaris from single,
binary, and ternary metal solutions. They found that the presence of lead, zinc, or
both suppressed the removal of copper ions.
The immobilized biomass of Oscillatoria angustissima has been studied for the
biosorption of zinc II, copper II, and cobalt II from single, binary, and ternary metal
solutions, as a function of pH and metal concentration through response surface
methodology by Mohapatra and Gupta (2005). Sag et al. (2001) evaluated the three
metal biosorption equilibria using a fungal biomass. Biomass of marine alga
Durvillaea potatorum has been studied for binary adsorption of copper II and
cadmium II by Yu and Kaewasam (1999). Ceribasi and Yetis (2001) have also
studied the biosorption of Ni(II) and Pb(II) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium from a
binary metal system.
Aksu et al. (2009) studied the effect of single and binary chromium(VI) and
remazol black B biosorption properties of Phormidium sp. Biosorption of reactive
dyes on the green alga Chlorella vulgaris was tested at different optimizing parameters like contact time, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration by Aksu and
400
S. Mona et al.
investigated as a biosorbent for biodegradation of reactive textile dye from its
multicomponent textile effluent. Comparatively additional dye removal was
observed from autoclaved algal biomass relatively gamma irradiated. The effect of
process parameters, viz., pH, temperature, biomass concentration, and time, on dye
removal was studied. There was 85% removal of dye from dried autoclaved biomass
of Spirogyra sp. Khelifi et al. (2009) reported that the nonviable biomass acquired
high steadiness and efficiency for dye removal. The capability of Chlorella
pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulgaris, and Oscillatoria tenuis to decolorize 30 different
dyes was investigated by Jinqi and Houtian (1992). Fourteen of these azo dyes
reported decolorization up to 50% or higher, with results indicating that degradation
was directly related to the molecular structure of the azo compounds. Experiments
showed high dye decolorization with high uptake yield ranging from 50% to 88% at
all dye concentrations by Phormidium sp. (Ertugrul et al. 2008). Another study
showed that Phormidium sp. has high uptake yields (13–97%) than Synechococcus
at all tested dye concentrations (Sadettin and Donmez 2007). In open wastewater
treatment systems, especially in stabilization ponds, algae may therefore contribute
to the removal of synthetic dyes and aromatic amines from the water phase. While
diffusion of dye molecules from aqueous phase onto the solid biopolymer layer of
live microbial cells is reported to be quite efficient (Ozer et al. 2006), dry biomass of
algae is reported to be more useful due to greater stability and efficiency (Khalaf
2008).
Wastewaters usually contain more than one metal and dye. But most of the
studies related to metal and dye revolve around single component system. The
number of metals and dyes present in wastewater is expected to cause interactive
effects on biosorption. These may be the concentration of metals/dyes, the numbers
of metals/dyes competing for binding sites, and the nature and dose of biosorbent
(Chong and Volesky 1995; Kandah et al. 2003; Aksu et al. 2009). Abu Al-Rub et al.
(2006) have studied the biosorption of copper on Chlorella vulgaris from single,
binary, and ternary metal solutions. They found that the presence of lead, zinc, or
both suppressed the removal of copper ions.
The immobilized biomass of Oscillatoria angustissima has been studied for the
biosorption of zinc II, copper II, and cobalt II from single, binary, and ternary metal
solutions, as a function of pH and metal concentration through response surface
methodology by Mohapatra and Gupta (2005). Sag et al. (2001) evaluated the three
metal biosorption equilibria using a fungal biomass. Biomass of marine alga
Durvillaea potatorum has been studied for binary adsorption of copper II and
cadmium II by Yu and Kaewasam (1999). Ceribasi and Yetis (2001) have also
studied the biosorption of Ni(II) and Pb(II) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium from a
binary metal system.
Aksu et al. (2009) studied the effect of single and binary chromium(VI) and
remazol black B biosorption properties of Phormidium sp. Biosorption of reactive
dyes on the green alga Chlorella vulgaris was tested at different optimizing parameters like contact time, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration by Aksu and
400
S. Mona et al.