(2014a) also confirmed induction of laccase enzyme during bioremediation of paper
mill effluent by Paenibacillus sp. Bacterial treatment systems are particularly attractive, since in addition to color and lignin, they also reduce the BOD and COD of the
effluent (Rodrigues et al. 2008).
9 Conclusion
Finally, it is concluded based on available literature on each and every step associated with paper production and wastewater treatment, and we came to an end that
environmental pollution by pulp and paper mill is continued due to lack of efficient
wastewater treatment method. Therefore, paper industries need a cost-effective and
environmental friendly treatment technique that treat pulp and paper wastewater
holistically. In addition, the available literature has also shown on the biodegradation
of lignin and chlorophenol by using physicochemical and biological (bacteria, fungi,
and algae) process and others. But still there is a big question and enigma regarding
the health hazards of wastewater discharged from various categories of pulp and
paper mill on plant and animal in environment including the natural habitat. The
detailed knowledge for the effect of pulp and paper mill wastewater on aquatic flora
and fauna including the human is still not so known so far. Thus, this chapter covers
all the pulp and paper mill-related problem and mitigation/removal approaches for
the safe and green environment.
Acknowledgments Authors are thankful to the Director of CSIR-IITR, Lucknow (India), for his
encouragement and support. Financial support from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT),
Government of India, New Delhi (Grant No.BT/PR20460/BCE/8/1386/2016), is highly
acknowledged.
References
Abd-ElRahim WM, Zaki EA (2005) Functional and molecular characterization of native Egyptian
fungi capable of removing textile dyes. Arab J Biotech 8:189–200
Aftab U, Khan MR, Mahfooz M, Ali M, Aslam SH, Rehman A (2011) Decolourization and
degradation of textile Azo dyes by Corynebacterium sp. isolated from industrial effluent. Pak
J Zool 43:18
Al-Asheh S, Banat F, Abu-Aitah L (2003) Adsorption of phenol using different types of activated
bentonites. J Hazard Mater 33:1–10
Ali M, Sreekrishnan TR (2001) Aquatic toxicity from pulp and paper mill effluents: a review. Adv
Environ Res 5:175–196
Al-Rasheed RA (2005) Water treatment by heterogeneous photocatalysis an overview. In: Paper
presented at 4th SWCC Acquired Experience Symposium held in Jeddah
Baruah B, Baruah KD, Das M et al (1996) Study on the effect of paper mill effluent on the water
quality of receiving wet lands. Pollut Res 15:389–393
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Chowdhary P (2017a) Constructed wetlands: an emerging
phytotechnology for degradation and detoxification of industrial wastewaters. In: Bharagava
14 Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater: Ecotoxicological Effects and. . .
351
mill effluent by Paenibacillus sp. Bacterial treatment systems are particularly attractive, since in addition to color and lignin, they also reduce the BOD and COD of the
effluent (Rodrigues et al. 2008).
9 Conclusion
Finally, it is concluded based on available literature on each and every step associated with paper production and wastewater treatment, and we came to an end that
environmental pollution by pulp and paper mill is continued due to lack of efficient
wastewater treatment method. Therefore, paper industries need a cost-effective and
environmental friendly treatment technique that treat pulp and paper wastewater
holistically. In addition, the available literature has also shown on the biodegradation
of lignin and chlorophenol by using physicochemical and biological (bacteria, fungi,
and algae) process and others. But still there is a big question and enigma regarding
the health hazards of wastewater discharged from various categories of pulp and
paper mill on plant and animal in environment including the natural habitat. The
detailed knowledge for the effect of pulp and paper mill wastewater on aquatic flora
and fauna including the human is still not so known so far. Thus, this chapter covers
all the pulp and paper mill-related problem and mitigation/removal approaches for
the safe and green environment.
Acknowledgments Authors are thankful to the Director of CSIR-IITR, Lucknow (India), for his
encouragement and support. Financial support from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT),
Government of India, New Delhi (Grant No.BT/PR20460/BCE/8/1386/2016), is highly
acknowledged.
References
Abd-ElRahim WM, Zaki EA (2005) Functional and molecular characterization of native Egyptian
fungi capable of removing textile dyes. Arab J Biotech 8:189–200
Aftab U, Khan MR, Mahfooz M, Ali M, Aslam SH, Rehman A (2011) Decolourization and
degradation of textile Azo dyes by Corynebacterium sp. isolated from industrial effluent. Pak
J Zool 43:18
Al-Asheh S, Banat F, Abu-Aitah L (2003) Adsorption of phenol using different types of activated
bentonites. J Hazard Mater 33:1–10
Ali M, Sreekrishnan TR (2001) Aquatic toxicity from pulp and paper mill effluents: a review. Adv
Environ Res 5:175–196
Al-Rasheed RA (2005) Water treatment by heterogeneous photocatalysis an overview. In: Paper
presented at 4th SWCC Acquired Experience Symposium held in Jeddah
Baruah B, Baruah KD, Das M et al (1996) Study on the effect of paper mill effluent on the water
quality of receiving wet lands. Pollut Res 15:389–393
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Chowdhary P (2017a) Constructed wetlands: an emerging
phytotechnology for degradation and detoxification of industrial wastewaters. In: Bharagava
14 Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater: Ecotoxicological Effects and. . .
351