consumption of paper and paperboard including news print is at 11.15 Mt. There are
nearly about 26 large integrated paper industries using wood and bamboo that
contribute 31% of the production which is 3.19 Mt. and 150 mills using agroresidues like bagasse, wheat and rice straw, etc., producing 2.2 Mt. which is 22%
of the total production (Kulkarni 2013). Due to limited forest resources, other raw
materials including agro-residues like rice straw, wheat straw, sarkanda, bagasse,
and jute rags as well as waste paper were identified and are now extensively used in
the paper mill for the production of paper products. The major raw material used in
Indian pulp and paper industry are hardwood and bamboo, agro-residues, and
recycled fiber/waste paper.
2.1 Hardwood and Bamboo
In present during the papermaking process, consumption of raw material (wood) is
9 Mtpa. Major portion (75%) of the wood demand is supplied from farm/social
forestry sources. The consumption of wood materials by the year 2025 has been
projected to increase up to 12 Mtpa. Woody plant materials are mainly made up of
approximately 50–55% cellulose, 25–30% lignin, and 20–25% hemicellulose. Eucalyptus, casuarina, subabul, poplar, and bamboo are the plant material used for pulp
production.
2.2 Agro-Residues
The use of nonwoody plant is currently widespread in developing countries due to
the lack of forest resources and advanced processing technologies. China is the
largest user of nonwoody plants as raw materials for paper production followed by
India and Thailand. Nonwoody plant materials included are crops (hemp, kenaf, flax,
jute), agricultural residues (wheat, corn or rice straw, bagasse, sisal), and wild plants
(grasses, bamboo, and seaweed). Bagasse and wheat straw are the two major agroresidues used by the paper industry in India. The agro-residues contain the following
contents such as lower lignin content, higher silica, and ash. In low-grade pulp,
mainly bagasse and straw fiber are used, whereas kenaf, hemp, flax, and cotton are
used in higher-grade pulp.
2.3 Recycled Fiber/Waste Paper
The recycled fiber/waste paper is best suited for end products, such as newsprint,
duplex board, kraft paper, etc., and it comprises both pre-consumer and postconsumer. The pre-consumer wastes are the shavings and trimmings from paper
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nearly about 26 large integrated paper industries using wood and bamboo that
contribute 31% of the production which is 3.19 Mt. and 150 mills using agroresidues like bagasse, wheat and rice straw, etc., producing 2.2 Mt. which is 22%
of the total production (Kulkarni 2013). Due to limited forest resources, other raw
materials including agro-residues like rice straw, wheat straw, sarkanda, bagasse,
and jute rags as well as waste paper were identified and are now extensively used in
the paper mill for the production of paper products. The major raw material used in
Indian pulp and paper industry are hardwood and bamboo, agro-residues, and
recycled fiber/waste paper.
2.1 Hardwood and Bamboo
In present during the papermaking process, consumption of raw material (wood) is
9 Mtpa. Major portion (75%) of the wood demand is supplied from farm/social
forestry sources. The consumption of wood materials by the year 2025 has been
projected to increase up to 12 Mtpa. Woody plant materials are mainly made up of
approximately 50–55% cellulose, 25–30% lignin, and 20–25% hemicellulose. Eucalyptus, casuarina, subabul, poplar, and bamboo are the plant material used for pulp
production.
2.2 Agro-Residues
The use of nonwoody plant is currently widespread in developing countries due to
the lack of forest resources and advanced processing technologies. China is the
largest user of nonwoody plants as raw materials for paper production followed by
India and Thailand. Nonwoody plant materials included are crops (hemp, kenaf, flax,
jute), agricultural residues (wheat, corn or rice straw, bagasse, sisal), and wild plants
(grasses, bamboo, and seaweed). Bagasse and wheat straw are the two major agroresidues used by the paper industry in India. The agro-residues contain the following
contents such as lower lignin content, higher silica, and ash. In low-grade pulp,
mainly bagasse and straw fiber are used, whereas kenaf, hemp, flax, and cotton are
used in higher-grade pulp.
2.3 Recycled Fiber/Waste Paper
The recycled fiber/waste paper is best suited for end products, such as newsprint,
duplex board, kraft paper, etc., and it comprises both pre-consumer and postconsumer. The pre-consumer wastes are the shavings and trimmings from paper
336
I. Haq and A. Raj