metabolism of 2,4-D, including hydroxylation of the aromatic ring (Phase I),
conjugation with O-manolyl-glucoside (Phase II), and deposition into the vacuole
(Phase III). Burken and Schnoor (1998) also studied the degradation of [14C]atrazine into less toxic metabolites inside hybrid poplar trees. Cytochrome P-450s
have been reported to oxidize many chlorinated pesticides, including chlorotoluron,
linuron, atrazine, and isoproturon (Kawahigashi et al. 2007).
Table 1.2 Genetically engineered plants (GEPs) for enhanced phytoremediation of organic and
inorganic pollutants
Gene
Origin
Target plant
Pollutants
References
AtACR2
A. thaliana L. Nicotiana
tabacum
As
Nahar et al. (2017)
StGCS-GS
Streptococcus
thermophilus
Beta vulgaris L.
Cd, Zn and Cu Liu et al. (2015)
MerE
E.coli
XL1-Blue
Arabidopsis
thaliana L.
Methyl-Hg and
Hg
Sone et al. (2013)
CYP2E1 and
GST
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens
Alfalfa (Medicago
sativa)
Hg and
Trichloroethane
Zhan et al. (2013)
ScYCF1
S. cerevisiae
Populus alba X P. Cd, Zn and Pb
Shim et al. (2013)
YCF1
S. cerevisiae
Brassica juncea L. Cd and Pb
Bhuiyan et al.
(2011)
tcu1
Neurospora
crassa
Nicotiana
tabacum L.
Cu and Zn
Singh et al. (2011)
tzn1
Neurospora
crassa
Nicotiana
tabacum L.
Cd, Fe, Ni, Cu,
Mn and Pb
Dixit et al. (2010)
PsMTA1
Pisum sativum
L.
Populus alba L.
Cu
Balestrazzi et al.
(2009)
TnMERI1
Bacillus
megaterium
A. thaliana
Hg
Hsieh et al. (2009)
GSH1
S. cerevisiae
A. thaliana L.
Cd and As
Guo et al. (2008)
GSH1 and
AsPCS1
S. cerevisiae
and A. sativum
A. thaliana L.
Cd and As
Guo et al. (2008)
AtPCS1
A. thaliana L. B. juncea L
Cd and As
Gasic and Korban
(2007)
CYP1A1,
CYP2B6,
CYP2C19
Homo sapiens Oryza sativa
Herbicide (atrazine,
metolachlor)
Kawahigashi et al.
(2008)
GstI-6His
Zea mays
N. tabacum
Alachlor
Karavangeli et al.
(2005)
TaPCS1
T. aestivum
N. glauca
Pb and Cd
Gisbert et al.
(2003); Martinez
et al. (2006)
P1A1, CYP2B6,
CYP2C9,
CYP2C19
Homo sapiens Solanum
tuberosum, Oryza
sativa
Sulfonylurea
and other
herbicides
Inui and Ohkawa
(2005)
atzA
Bacteria
Medicago sativa,
N. tabacum
Atrazine
Wang et al. (2005)
10
G. Saxena et al.
conjugation with O-manolyl-glucoside (Phase II), and deposition into the vacuole
(Phase III). Burken and Schnoor (1998) also studied the degradation of [14C]atrazine into less toxic metabolites inside hybrid poplar trees. Cytochrome P-450s
have been reported to oxidize many chlorinated pesticides, including chlorotoluron,
linuron, atrazine, and isoproturon (Kawahigashi et al. 2007).
Table 1.2 Genetically engineered plants (GEPs) for enhanced phytoremediation of organic and
inorganic pollutants
Gene
Origin
Target plant
Pollutants
References
AtACR2
A. thaliana L. Nicotiana
tabacum
As
Nahar et al. (2017)
StGCS-GS
Streptococcus
thermophilus
Beta vulgaris L.
Cd, Zn and Cu Liu et al. (2015)
MerE
E.coli
XL1-Blue
Arabidopsis
thaliana L.
Methyl-Hg and
Hg
Sone et al. (2013)
CYP2E1 and
GST
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens
Alfalfa (Medicago
sativa)
Hg and
Trichloroethane
Zhan et al. (2013)
ScYCF1
S. cerevisiae
Populus alba X P. Cd, Zn and Pb
Shim et al. (2013)
YCF1
S. cerevisiae
Brassica juncea L. Cd and Pb
Bhuiyan et al.
(2011)
tcu1
Neurospora
crassa
Nicotiana
tabacum L.
Cu and Zn
Singh et al. (2011)
tzn1
Neurospora
crassa
Nicotiana
tabacum L.
Cd, Fe, Ni, Cu,
Mn and Pb
Dixit et al. (2010)
PsMTA1
Pisum sativum
L.
Populus alba L.
Cu
Balestrazzi et al.
(2009)
TnMERI1
Bacillus
megaterium
A. thaliana
Hg
Hsieh et al. (2009)
GSH1
S. cerevisiae
A. thaliana L.
Cd and As
Guo et al. (2008)
GSH1 and
AsPCS1
S. cerevisiae
and A. sativum
A. thaliana L.
Cd and As
Guo et al. (2008)
AtPCS1
A. thaliana L. B. juncea L
Cd and As
Gasic and Korban
(2007)
CYP1A1,
CYP2B6,
CYP2C19
Homo sapiens Oryza sativa
Herbicide (atrazine,
metolachlor)
Kawahigashi et al.
(2008)
GstI-6His
Zea mays
N. tabacum
Alachlor
Karavangeli et al.
(2005)
TaPCS1
T. aestivum
N. glauca
Pb and Cd
Gisbert et al.
(2003); Martinez
et al. (2006)
P1A1, CYP2B6,
CYP2C9,
CYP2C19
Homo sapiens Solanum
tuberosum, Oryza
sativa
Sulfonylurea
and other
herbicides
Inui and Ohkawa
(2005)
atzA
Bacteria
Medicago sativa,
N. tabacum
Atrazine
Wang et al. (2005)
10
G. Saxena et al.