pathogens, and metals. The application of this environment-friendly technology to
treat commercial wastewater could signify a step toward “green technology.” There
is settlement of pathogens in slow-moving water of constructed wetlands, and high
percentages of fecal coliform and other pathogens are removed. Proper plant species
should be selected for wastewater wetlands to achieve relatively high percentages of
metal removal due to soil adsorption and precipitation mechanisms. An understanding of contaminated removal helps in taking proper decisions for implementation of
wetlands. Research has found that constructed wetlands being a less complicated
technology make a good secondary treatment method for domestic wastewater and
offer aesthetic pleasing environment. There should be continuous performance
monitoring of existing constructed wetlands to optimize design and minimize
construction cost. The support of local governments and international organizations
involved in water and wastewater sector is important for building local capacity and
scaling up application of this technology.
Acknowledgment This book chapter would not have been possible without support from
"Springer Singapore" published under Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. We are especially
indebted to Dr. Ram Naresh Bharagava and Mr. Gaurav Saxena for providing us with this
oppurtunity. We wish to place on record the valuable supervision rendered by the them in reviewing
and editing the chapter.
References
Adriano DC (2001) Trace elements in terrestrial environments. In: Biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals. Springer, New York, pp 1–550
Aksu Z (2002) Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the
batch biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto Chlorella vulgaris. Process Biochem 38:89–99
Álvarez AM, Carral P, Hernández Z, Almendros G (2016) Hydrocarbon pollution from domestic oil
recycling industries in peri-urban soils. Lipid molecular assemblages. J Environ Chem Eng
4:695–703
Armah FA, Obiri S, Yawson DO, Onumah EE, TYengoh GT, Afrifa EKA, Odoi JO (2010)
Anthropogenic sources and environmentally relevant concentrations of heavy metals in surface
water of a mining district in Ghana: a multivariate statistical approach. J Environ Sci Health A
45:1804–1813
Avtar R, Kumar P, Singh C, Mukherjee S (2011) A comparative study on hydrogeochemistry of
Ken and Betwa Rivers of Bundelkhand using statistical approach. Water Qual Expo Health
2:169–179
Awadallah AG, Yousry M (2012) Identifying homogeneous water quality regions in the Nile River
using multivariate statistical analysis. Water Resour Manag 26:2039–2055
Bagshaw JC, Rafiee P, Matthews CO, MacRae TH (1986) Cadmium and zinc reversibly arrest
development of Artemia larvae. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37:289–296
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Mulla SI, Patel DK (2017a) Characterization and identification of
recalcitrant organic pollutants (ROPs) in tannery wastewater and its phytotoxicity evaluation
for environmental safety. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-0170490-x
Bharagava RN, Chowdhary P, Saxena G (2017b) Bioremediation: an ecosustainable green technology: its applications and limitations. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and
278
M. Rastogi and M. Nandal
treat commercial wastewater could signify a step toward “green technology.” There
is settlement of pathogens in slow-moving water of constructed wetlands, and high
percentages of fecal coliform and other pathogens are removed. Proper plant species
should be selected for wastewater wetlands to achieve relatively high percentages of
metal removal due to soil adsorption and precipitation mechanisms. An understanding of contaminated removal helps in taking proper decisions for implementation of
wetlands. Research has found that constructed wetlands being a less complicated
technology make a good secondary treatment method for domestic wastewater and
offer aesthetic pleasing environment. There should be continuous performance
monitoring of existing constructed wetlands to optimize design and minimize
construction cost. The support of local governments and international organizations
involved in water and wastewater sector is important for building local capacity and
scaling up application of this technology.
Acknowledgment This book chapter would not have been possible without support from
"Springer Singapore" published under Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. We are especially
indebted to Dr. Ram Naresh Bharagava and Mr. Gaurav Saxena for providing us with this
oppurtunity. We wish to place on record the valuable supervision rendered by the them in reviewing
and editing the chapter.
References
Adriano DC (2001) Trace elements in terrestrial environments. In: Biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals. Springer, New York, pp 1–550
Aksu Z (2002) Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the
batch biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto Chlorella vulgaris. Process Biochem 38:89–99
Álvarez AM, Carral P, Hernández Z, Almendros G (2016) Hydrocarbon pollution from domestic oil
recycling industries in peri-urban soils. Lipid molecular assemblages. J Environ Chem Eng
4:695–703
Armah FA, Obiri S, Yawson DO, Onumah EE, TYengoh GT, Afrifa EKA, Odoi JO (2010)
Anthropogenic sources and environmentally relevant concentrations of heavy metals in surface
water of a mining district in Ghana: a multivariate statistical approach. J Environ Sci Health A
45:1804–1813
Avtar R, Kumar P, Singh C, Mukherjee S (2011) A comparative study on hydrogeochemistry of
Ken and Betwa Rivers of Bundelkhand using statistical approach. Water Qual Expo Health
2:169–179
Awadallah AG, Yousry M (2012) Identifying homogeneous water quality regions in the Nile River
using multivariate statistical analysis. Water Resour Manag 26:2039–2055
Bagshaw JC, Rafiee P, Matthews CO, MacRae TH (1986) Cadmium and zinc reversibly arrest
development of Artemia larvae. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37:289–296
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Mulla SI, Patel DK (2017a) Characterization and identification of
recalcitrant organic pollutants (ROPs) in tannery wastewater and its phytotoxicity evaluation
for environmental safety. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-0170490-x
Bharagava RN, Chowdhary P, Saxena G (2017b) Bioremediation: an ecosustainable green technology: its applications and limitations. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and
278
M. Rastogi and M. Nandal