Table 8.2
Summary of the literature on saline salt removal in soil by various techniques
Source and techniques with
reference
Target contaminant/Removal achieved
(%)
Electrodes
Electrolyte
Duration
(d)
Voltage
gradient/
current
density
Anode/Cathode
Anolyte
(pH)
Catholyte
(pH)
Contaminated soil, EK (Lee
et al. 2012a, 2012b)
Na
+
(97.3), Cl
À
(98.0), SO
4
2À
(33.7)
IrO
2 -RuO
2 /graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.6), Cl
À
(98.5), SO
4
2À
(87.9)
Iron(1)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.7), Cl
À
(98.7), SO
4
2À
(89.4)
Iron(2)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
14
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.4), Cl
À
(98.8), SO
4
2À
(23.1)
BDD(1)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Na
+
(98.1), Cl
À
(98.8), SO
4
2À
(52.0)
BDD(2)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
14
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.6), Cl
À
(96.9), SO
4
2À
(44.1)
Pt mesh/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Saline soil, EK (Kim et al.
2012a, 2012b, 2012c)
Cl
À
(À21), SO
4
2À
(22.3), Ca
2+
(28.1),
Mg
2+
(À13.9), K
+
(33), NO
3
À
(33.9)
Stainless steel/stainless
steel
Tap water
(6.1)
Tap water
(6.1)
14
1 V/cm
Contaminated soil, EK (Cho
et al. 2010)
SO
4
2À
, (40.3),
Graphite/graphite
Tap water
(3–7)
Tap water
2
1 V/cm
SO
4
2À
, (39.3),
Stainless steel/stainless
steel
Tap water
(3–7)
Tap water
2
2 V/cm
SO
4
2À
, (51.6),
Graphite/graphite
Tap water
(3–7)
Tap water
2
3 V/cm
Greenhouse soil, EK (Choi
et al. 2012)
EC: Zone 1 (%): EC, (73.8), Cl
À
, (98.9),
SO
4
2À
, (36.5), NO
3
À
, (98.6), Ca
2+
,
(0.4), Mg
2+
, (18.7),K
+
, (53.9), Na
+
,
(94.4).
HSCI/Fe
Tap water
(7–4)
Tap water
(7–11)
60
0.8 V/cm
Zone 2 (%): EC, (83.8), Cl
À
, (98.9),
SO
4
2À
, (59.8), NO
3
À
, (98.4), Ca
2+
,
(9.6), Mg
2+
, (16.8), K
+
, (56.5), Na
+
,
(94.7).
Green house soil, EK (Cho
et al. 2011)
Cl
À
, (100), SO
4
2À
, (41.6), Ca
2+
, (2.1),
Mg
2+
, (30.9), K
+
, (46.3), NO
3
À
(85.6).
Ti-Pt/graphite
Tap water
Tap water
8
1 V/cm
Cl
À
, (100), SO
4
2À
, (33.7), Ca
2+
, (9.0),
Mg
2+
, (43.6), K
+
, (23.3), NO
3
À
, (100).
Ti-Pt/graphite
Tap water
Tap water
12
1 V/cm
192
S. Annamalai and M. Sundaram
Summary of the literature on saline salt removal in soil by various techniques
Source and techniques with
reference
Target contaminant/Removal achieved
(%)
Electrodes
Electrolyte
Duration
(d)
Voltage
gradient/
current
density
Anode/Cathode
Anolyte
(pH)
Catholyte
(pH)
Contaminated soil, EK (Lee
et al. 2012a, 2012b)
Na
+
(97.3), Cl
À
(98.0), SO
4
2À
(33.7)
IrO
2 -RuO
2 /graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.6), Cl
À
(98.5), SO
4
2À
(87.9)
Iron(1)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.7), Cl
À
(98.7), SO
4
2À
(89.4)
Iron(2)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
14
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.4), Cl
À
(98.8), SO
4
2À
(23.1)
BDD(1)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Na
+
(98.1), Cl
À
(98.8), SO
4
2À
(52.0)
BDD(2)/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
14
4 V/cm
Na
+
(97.6), Cl
À
(96.9), SO
4
2À
(44.1)
Pt mesh/graphite
Water (4.2) Water (8)
7
4 V/cm
Saline soil, EK (Kim et al.
2012a, 2012b, 2012c)
Cl
À
(À21), SO
4
2À
(22.3), Ca
2+
(28.1),
Mg
2+
(À13.9), K
+
(33), NO
3
À
(33.9)
Stainless steel/stainless
steel
Tap water
(6.1)
Tap water
(6.1)
14
1 V/cm
Contaminated soil, EK (Cho
et al. 2010)
SO
4
2À
, (40.3),
Graphite/graphite
Tap water
(3–7)
Tap water
2
1 V/cm
SO
4
2À
, (39.3),
Stainless steel/stainless
steel
Tap water
(3–7)
Tap water
2
2 V/cm
SO
4
2À
, (51.6),
Graphite/graphite
Tap water
(3–7)
Tap water
2
3 V/cm
Greenhouse soil, EK (Choi
et al. 2012)
EC: Zone 1 (%): EC, (73.8), Cl
À
, (98.9),
SO
4
2À
, (36.5), NO
3
À
, (98.6), Ca
2+
,
(0.4), Mg
2+
, (18.7),K
+
, (53.9), Na
+
,
(94.4).
HSCI/Fe
Tap water
(7–4)
Tap water
(7–11)
60
0.8 V/cm
Zone 2 (%): EC, (83.8), Cl
À
, (98.9),
SO
4
2À
, (59.8), NO
3
À
, (98.4), Ca
2+
,
(9.6), Mg
2+
, (16.8), K
+
, (56.5), Na
+
,
(94.7).
Green house soil, EK (Cho
et al. 2011)
Cl
À
, (100), SO
4
2À
, (41.6), Ca
2+
, (2.1),
Mg
2+
, (30.9), K
+
, (46.3), NO
3
À
(85.6).
Ti-Pt/graphite
Tap water
Tap water
8
1 V/cm
Cl
À
, (100), SO
4
2À
, (33.7), Ca
2+
, (9.0),
Mg
2+
, (43.6), K
+
, (23.3), NO
3
À
, (100).
Ti-Pt/graphite
Tap water
Tap water
12
1 V/cm
192
S. Annamalai and M. Sundaram