6 Conclusion
Constructed wetlands play an important role in the removal of heavy metals,
hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals from agricultural wastewater, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater, and industrial wastewater treatment and distillation.
The constructed wetland can be considered for environmental education, water
distillation, and restoring the natural environment. This book chapter also
highlighted that the constructed wetland system is a practical, environmentally
friendly, and economical substitute technology to replace traditional secondary
natural ecosystem for treating industrial wastewater. Thus, the constructed wetland
technology has the prospective to be developed into an environmentally and economically acceptable wastewater treatment technology for developing countries.
Results from our studies will be useful to assist environmental professionals in
designing a scale-up system for practical application
Acknowledgment The authors of this chapter are tremendously grateful to the Higher Education
Commission, Islamabad, University of Peshawar and National Center of Excellence in Geology,
University of Peshawar for financial support.
References
Admire JD, De Albuquerque JS, Cruze JA, Piontek KR, Sale TC (1995) Case study: natural
attenuation of dissolved hydrocarbons at a former gas plant. Paper SPE 29755 presented in
SPE/EPA exploration and production environmental conference held 27–29 March in Houston,
Texas
Aksoy A, Demirezen D, Duman F (2005) Bioaccumulation, detection and analyses of heavy metal
pollution in Sultan Marsh and its environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 164:241–255
Alloway BJ (1995) Heavy metals in soils, 2n edn. Chapman and Hall, London, p 368
Arias C, Brix H (2003) Humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Cienc Ing
Neogranad 13:17–44
Atlas RM, Cerniglia CE (1995) Bioremediation of petroleum pollutants: diversity and environmental aspects of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Bioscience 45:332–338
Alexander M (1999) Biodegradation and bioremediation, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Baris AJ, Eifert WH, Klotzer K, McGuckin CJ (2001) Use of a subsurface flow constructed wetland
for collection and treatment of water containing BTEX. Roux Associates, Inslandia
Beining BA, Otte ML (1996) Retention of metals originating from an abandoned lead-zinc mine by
a wetland at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. Biol Environ 96:117–126
Beining BA, Otte ML (1997) Retention of metals and longevity of a wetland receiving mine
leachate. In: Proceedings of 1997 National meeting of the American Society for surface mining
and reclamation, Austin, Texas, vol. 10, issue 16, pp 43–46
Beisner BE, Peres-Neto PR, Lindström ES, Barnett A, Lorena Longhi M (2006) The role of
environmental and spatial processes in structuring lake communities from bacteria to fish.
Ecology 87:2985–2991
Bell T, Newman JA, Silverman BW, Turner SL, Lilley AK (2005) The contribution of species
richness and composition to bacterial services. Nature 436:1157–1160
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Chowdhary P (2017a) Constructed wetlands: an emerging
phytotechnology for degradation and detoxification of industrial wastewaters. In: Bharagava
156
S. Khan et al.
Constructed wetlands play an important role in the removal of heavy metals,
hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals from agricultural wastewater, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater, and industrial wastewater treatment and distillation.
The constructed wetland can be considered for environmental education, water
distillation, and restoring the natural environment. This book chapter also
highlighted that the constructed wetland system is a practical, environmentally
friendly, and economical substitute technology to replace traditional secondary
natural ecosystem for treating industrial wastewater. Thus, the constructed wetland
technology has the prospective to be developed into an environmentally and economically acceptable wastewater treatment technology for developing countries.
Results from our studies will be useful to assist environmental professionals in
designing a scale-up system for practical application
Acknowledgment The authors of this chapter are tremendously grateful to the Higher Education
Commission, Islamabad, University of Peshawar and National Center of Excellence in Geology,
University of Peshawar for financial support.
References
Admire JD, De Albuquerque JS, Cruze JA, Piontek KR, Sale TC (1995) Case study: natural
attenuation of dissolved hydrocarbons at a former gas plant. Paper SPE 29755 presented in
SPE/EPA exploration and production environmental conference held 27–29 March in Houston,
Texas
Aksoy A, Demirezen D, Duman F (2005) Bioaccumulation, detection and analyses of heavy metal
pollution in Sultan Marsh and its environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 164:241–255
Alloway BJ (1995) Heavy metals in soils, 2n edn. Chapman and Hall, London, p 368
Arias C, Brix H (2003) Humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Cienc Ing
Neogranad 13:17–44
Atlas RM, Cerniglia CE (1995) Bioremediation of petroleum pollutants: diversity and environmental aspects of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Bioscience 45:332–338
Alexander M (1999) Biodegradation and bioremediation, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Baris AJ, Eifert WH, Klotzer K, McGuckin CJ (2001) Use of a subsurface flow constructed wetland
for collection and treatment of water containing BTEX. Roux Associates, Inslandia
Beining BA, Otte ML (1996) Retention of metals originating from an abandoned lead-zinc mine by
a wetland at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. Biol Environ 96:117–126
Beining BA, Otte ML (1997) Retention of metals and longevity of a wetland receiving mine
leachate. In: Proceedings of 1997 National meeting of the American Society for surface mining
and reclamation, Austin, Texas, vol. 10, issue 16, pp 43–46
Beisner BE, Peres-Neto PR, Lindström ES, Barnett A, Lorena Longhi M (2006) The role of
environmental and spatial processes in structuring lake communities from bacteria to fish.
Ecology 87:2985–2991
Bell T, Newman JA, Silverman BW, Turner SL, Lilley AK (2005) The contribution of species
richness and composition to bacterial services. Nature 436:1157–1160
Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Chowdhary P (2017a) Constructed wetlands: an emerging
phytotechnology for degradation and detoxification of industrial wastewaters. In: Bharagava
156
S. Khan et al.