microbial activity, which is a primary removal pathway in constructed wetland for
the contaminants.
Temperature High temperature has significant impact on the removal of common
pharmaceuticals, due to the increased rates of biodegradation, photodegradation, and
volatilization. Some of the pharmaceuticals are photodegradable, e.g., ketoprofen
and diclofenac, and some are biodegradable compounds, e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen,
and oxybenzone. Temperature can affect microbial activity like bacterial growth,
and metabolic rates are reduced with decreasing temperatures. Summer with high
global radiation and high temperature has been described as the efficient season for
micronutrients removal (Tatum 2015; Zhang et al. 2014). During the study, it has
been found that during the summer season, diclofenac had an 80% removal rate
compared to 45% removal rate in winter season.
Water Depth Generally shallow bed in constructed wetland is preferred for high
removal due to its less negative redox potential, which is more efficient biodegradation of the organic pollutants (Matamoros and Boyona 2006). Pharmaceuticals
like ibuprofen removal is 81% in the shallow water and 48% in the deep water;
differences in removal efficiency could be concluded by less anaerobic condition of
the shallow water of wetland. In the last few decades, constructed wetlands have
been found with the efficient method for treatment of common pollutants in a variety
of wastewaters such as domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, industrial effluents,
mine drainages, leachates, contaminated groundwater, and urban waste. In advance
research, certain latest technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (ozonation, photolysis, Fenton and photo-Fenton, electrochemical oxidation, sonolysis,
etc.), activated carbon adsorption, membrane bioreactor, and membrane separation
have been found to assess their effectiveness for the removal of pharmaceuticals
from wastewater (Molinos-Senante et al. 2013).
5.2 Constructed Wetlands and Degradation of Dyes from
Textile Wastewater
One of the most important industrial sectors is the textile industrial sector. Among
various industries, textile industry ranks first in usage of dyes for adding colors to the
fibers such as animal fibers such as wool and silk and fibers such as cotton, and a
wide range of synthetic materials such as nylon, polyester, and acrylics (Sachin et al.
2010). A large volume of chemicals and water are consumed by textile industries
during the process of making various textile goods, which results in effluent discharge on land without treatment in large volume. In order to reduce water consumption, many approaches have been used by effluent recycling that comes from
textile industries. The volume of water required for production as well as wastewater
generated is determined by raw material particularly dyes used in the textile industry.
Various process units during which wastewater generated are scouring, bleaching,
6 Constructed Wetlands: A Clean-Green Technology for Degradation and. . .
147
the contaminants.
Temperature High temperature has significant impact on the removal of common
pharmaceuticals, due to the increased rates of biodegradation, photodegradation, and
volatilization. Some of the pharmaceuticals are photodegradable, e.g., ketoprofen
and diclofenac, and some are biodegradable compounds, e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen,
and oxybenzone. Temperature can affect microbial activity like bacterial growth,
and metabolic rates are reduced with decreasing temperatures. Summer with high
global radiation and high temperature has been described as the efficient season for
micronutrients removal (Tatum 2015; Zhang et al. 2014). During the study, it has
been found that during the summer season, diclofenac had an 80% removal rate
compared to 45% removal rate in winter season.
Water Depth Generally shallow bed in constructed wetland is preferred for high
removal due to its less negative redox potential, which is more efficient biodegradation of the organic pollutants (Matamoros and Boyona 2006). Pharmaceuticals
like ibuprofen removal is 81% in the shallow water and 48% in the deep water;
differences in removal efficiency could be concluded by less anaerobic condition of
the shallow water of wetland. In the last few decades, constructed wetlands have
been found with the efficient method for treatment of common pollutants in a variety
of wastewaters such as domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, industrial effluents,
mine drainages, leachates, contaminated groundwater, and urban waste. In advance
research, certain latest technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (ozonation, photolysis, Fenton and photo-Fenton, electrochemical oxidation, sonolysis,
etc.), activated carbon adsorption, membrane bioreactor, and membrane separation
have been found to assess their effectiveness for the removal of pharmaceuticals
from wastewater (Molinos-Senante et al. 2013).
5.2 Constructed Wetlands and Degradation of Dyes from
Textile Wastewater
One of the most important industrial sectors is the textile industrial sector. Among
various industries, textile industry ranks first in usage of dyes for adding colors to the
fibers such as animal fibers such as wool and silk and fibers such as cotton, and a
wide range of synthetic materials such as nylon, polyester, and acrylics (Sachin et al.
2010). A large volume of chemicals and water are consumed by textile industries
during the process of making various textile goods, which results in effluent discharge on land without treatment in large volume. In order to reduce water consumption, many approaches have been used by effluent recycling that comes from
textile industries. The volume of water required for production as well as wastewater
generated is determined by raw material particularly dyes used in the textile industry.
Various process units during which wastewater generated are scouring, bleaching,
6 Constructed Wetlands: A Clean-Green Technology for Degradation and. . .
147