promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) belonging to the Stenotrophomonas species in the
rhizosphere of P. australis and reported 88%, 84%, and 71 % degradation of 4-nnonylphenol, mono-ethoxylated nonylphenol, and di-ethoxylated nonylphenol as
compared to control (simple phyto-based approach).
2.3 Electrobioremediation
It is becoming an increasingly popular hybrid technology that uses the combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics for the treatment of environmental
pollutants (Maszenan et al. 2011). It involves the electrokinetics phenomena for
the acceleration and orientation of transport of environmental pollutants and
microbes for pollutants bioremediation (Li et al. 2010; Maszenan et al. 2011).
Electrokinetics involves the use of several phenomenon like diffusion, electrolysis,
electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and electromigration and uses weak electric currents of about 0.2 to 2 V cm
À1 (Saichek and Reddy 2005; Maszenan et al. 2011). A
number of studies are available on the use of electrobioremediation technology for
pollutants/contaminated soils (Wick et al. 2007; Martinez-Prado et al. 2014; Yan
and Reible 2015).
For instance, electro-biodegradation of toluene has been studied at a variety of
anode potentials, both with pure cultures and consortia (Daghio et al. 2016; Lin et al.
2014; Zhang et al. 2010). Benzene was degraded in the anode of an
electrobioremediation system using mixed cultures enriched from contaminated
sediments (Zhang et al. 2010), wastewater (Wu et al. 2013), and anaerobic sludge
(Adelaja et al. 2015). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons’ (PAHs) degradation has
also been reported in several studies (Adelaja et al. 2015; Yan et al. 2012). Phenol
has been bioelectrochemically degraded both by mixed cultures and a pure culture of
Cupriavidus basilensis (Friman et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2011). Furthermore, the
dechlorination of 1,2-DCA was achieved in a electrobioremediation reactor inoculated with a mixed culture enriched in Dehalococcoides spp. (Leitão et al. 2015). In
addition, the applications, potentials, and limitations of electrobioremediation technology have been reviewed by many authors (Wick et al. 2007; Maszenan et al.
2011; Gill et al. 2014).
2.4 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation
Combining phytoremediation with electrokinetic remediation could be an excellent
strategy to enhance metal mobility in contaminated soil and facilitate their plant
uptake and, thus, phytoremediation (Saxena et al. 2019). For instance, Mao et al.
(2016) evaluated the feasibility of electrokinetic remediation coupled with
phytoremediation to remove Pb, As, and Cs from contaminated paddy soil. Results
revealed that the solubility and bioavailability of Cs and As were significantly
5 Emerging and Ecofriendly Technologies for the Removal of Organic and. . .
117
rhizosphere of P. australis and reported 88%, 84%, and 71 % degradation of 4-nnonylphenol, mono-ethoxylated nonylphenol, and di-ethoxylated nonylphenol as
compared to control (simple phyto-based approach).
2.3 Electrobioremediation
It is becoming an increasingly popular hybrid technology that uses the combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics for the treatment of environmental
pollutants (Maszenan et al. 2011). It involves the electrokinetics phenomena for
the acceleration and orientation of transport of environmental pollutants and
microbes for pollutants bioremediation (Li et al. 2010; Maszenan et al. 2011).
Electrokinetics involves the use of several phenomenon like diffusion, electrolysis,
electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and electromigration and uses weak electric currents of about 0.2 to 2 V cm
À1 (Saichek and Reddy 2005; Maszenan et al. 2011). A
number of studies are available on the use of electrobioremediation technology for
pollutants/contaminated soils (Wick et al. 2007; Martinez-Prado et al. 2014; Yan
and Reible 2015).
For instance, electro-biodegradation of toluene has been studied at a variety of
anode potentials, both with pure cultures and consortia (Daghio et al. 2016; Lin et al.
2014; Zhang et al. 2010). Benzene was degraded in the anode of an
electrobioremediation system using mixed cultures enriched from contaminated
sediments (Zhang et al. 2010), wastewater (Wu et al. 2013), and anaerobic sludge
(Adelaja et al. 2015). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons’ (PAHs) degradation has
also been reported in several studies (Adelaja et al. 2015; Yan et al. 2012). Phenol
has been bioelectrochemically degraded both by mixed cultures and a pure culture of
Cupriavidus basilensis (Friman et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2011). Furthermore, the
dechlorination of 1,2-DCA was achieved in a electrobioremediation reactor inoculated with a mixed culture enriched in Dehalococcoides spp. (Leitão et al. 2015). In
addition, the applications, potentials, and limitations of electrobioremediation technology have been reviewed by many authors (Wick et al. 2007; Maszenan et al.
2011; Gill et al. 2014).
2.4 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation
Combining phytoremediation with electrokinetic remediation could be an excellent
strategy to enhance metal mobility in contaminated soil and facilitate their plant
uptake and, thus, phytoremediation (Saxena et al. 2019). For instance, Mao et al.
(2016) evaluated the feasibility of electrokinetic remediation coupled with
phytoremediation to remove Pb, As, and Cs from contaminated paddy soil. Results
revealed that the solubility and bioavailability of Cs and As were significantly
5 Emerging and Ecofriendly Technologies for the Removal of Organic and. . .
117