Weed control and effective irrigation are followed successfully according to the
history. Herbicides, which also effectively control weed spread, can be applied
before or after the emergence of phytoremediating crops. Pre-emergent herbicides
are significant weed controllers improving quick emergence and establishment of the
plant of interest, whereas the post-emergent herbicides are used to control weeds
after the selected plant stabilizes its growth. Maintaining adequate moisture of soils
is important because the movement of soil solution to the root surface from the soil
greatly influences metal uptake.
8.6 Handling and Eco-friendly Disposal of Toxic MetalsContaminated Waste
Proper handling and decontamination of remediated plants without re-affecting the
environment is of great concern. Waste is a direct result of human activity, and the
quantity of waste generated directly indicates the development of a country in
various terms of modernization and industrialization. Management of waste is an
important challenge to the modern world. Waste management should efficiently
ensure the safe and proper management of hazardous wastes from their generation
until disposal, including their storage, handling, and safe transport. This is the
responsibility of individuals who are generating waste (laboratory) and environmental services (i.e., REHS–Rutgers Environmental Health & Safety). The management
should abide by the rules of local, state, federal, and regulatory laws. The unwanted
hazardous chemicals should be routinely collected by REHS, and recycling of the
chemicals, which can be used again at the laboratory level, is encouraged.
8.7 Economically Feasible and Time Projection Technology
Application
To date, there are no reports to support the complete remediation of a contaminated
site through phytoremediation and the cost for these processes is unknown. Available data only state the cost required for the short term may be 2–3 years of field
study, through which we cannot decipher the cost required for the long term as the
remediation may take 15 or more years, when placed less applicably in fields.
Without minding these limitations, a few researchers reported a desirable timeframe
and cost required for phytoremediating metals. Brown et al. (1995a) considered a
soil contaminated with 400 mg kg
À1 Zn and a desired cleanup level of 40 mg kg
À1 .
The use of intrinsic or engineered bioremediation showed several advantages that
inspired many of the site owners, regulatory agencies, and even the public: (1) more
cost-effective than that of conventional counterparts; (2) resulting in innocuous
104
M. K. Awasthi et al.
history. Herbicides, which also effectively control weed spread, can be applied
before or after the emergence of phytoremediating crops. Pre-emergent herbicides
are significant weed controllers improving quick emergence and establishment of the
plant of interest, whereas the post-emergent herbicides are used to control weeds
after the selected plant stabilizes its growth. Maintaining adequate moisture of soils
is important because the movement of soil solution to the root surface from the soil
greatly influences metal uptake.
8.6 Handling and Eco-friendly Disposal of Toxic MetalsContaminated Waste
Proper handling and decontamination of remediated plants without re-affecting the
environment is of great concern. Waste is a direct result of human activity, and the
quantity of waste generated directly indicates the development of a country in
various terms of modernization and industrialization. Management of waste is an
important challenge to the modern world. Waste management should efficiently
ensure the safe and proper management of hazardous wastes from their generation
until disposal, including their storage, handling, and safe transport. This is the
responsibility of individuals who are generating waste (laboratory) and environmental services (i.e., REHS–Rutgers Environmental Health & Safety). The management
should abide by the rules of local, state, federal, and regulatory laws. The unwanted
hazardous chemicals should be routinely collected by REHS, and recycling of the
chemicals, which can be used again at the laboratory level, is encouraged.
8.7 Economically Feasible and Time Projection Technology
Application
To date, there are no reports to support the complete remediation of a contaminated
site through phytoremediation and the cost for these processes is unknown. Available data only state the cost required for the short term may be 2–3 years of field
study, through which we cannot decipher the cost required for the long term as the
remediation may take 15 or more years, when placed less applicably in fields.
Without minding these limitations, a few researchers reported a desirable timeframe
and cost required for phytoremediating metals. Brown et al. (1995a) considered a
soil contaminated with 400 mg kg
À1 Zn and a desired cleanup level of 40 mg kg
À1 .
The use of intrinsic or engineered bioremediation showed several advantages that
inspired many of the site owners, regulatory agencies, and even the public: (1) more
cost-effective than that of conventional counterparts; (2) resulting in innocuous
104
M. K. Awasthi et al.