xxv
An Appraisal of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Temperature
and Precipitation Using Gridded Datasets over NW- Himalaya
Fig. 1 Study area showing various zones of NWH along with locations
of manual observatories (S1–S23) established by SASE.
Observatories S1, S2, S5–S9 belong to LH, S3, S4 and
S10 belong to GH and S11–S23 represent KH climatology .............. 222
Fig. 2 Magnitude of wintertime mean temperature as observed
and estimated at different climatic zones, i.e. (a) LH,
(b) GH, (c) KH; Magnitude of (d) Bias (%), (e) Mean
Absolute Error (MAE) and (f) Root Mean Squared Error
(RMSE) at LH, GH and KH (Kanda et al. 2019) .............................. 225
Fig. 3 Magnitude of wintertime precipitation (mm) as observed
and estimated at different climatic zones,i.e. (a) LH,
(b) GH, (c) KH; Magnitude of (d) Bias (%), (e) Mean
Absolute Error (MAE) and (f) Root Mean squared Error
(RMSE) at LH, GH and KH (Kanda et al. 2019) .............................. 226
Fig. 4 Inter-annual variability of wintertime Mean temperature
at different zones, (a) LH (b) GH and (c) KH. Black
lines depict Observed data and red lines depict estimated
values. The values of trend/slope (b; Units: °C/year)
for observed and estimated values are also given in
same color (Kanda et al. 2019) .......................................................... 227
Fig. 5 Inter-annual variability of wintertime precipitation at
different zones, (a) LH (b) GH and (c) KH. Black lines
depict Observed data and red lines depict estimated values.
The values of trend/slope (b; Units: mm/season) for observed
and estimated values are also given in same color
(Kanda et al. 2019) ............................................................................ 228
Fig. 6 Spatial variability in annual mean temperature
(°C) over LH, GH and KH as depicted by (a) ERA-I and
(b) CRU-TS ....................................................................................... 230
Fig. 7 Spatial variability in annual precipitation (mm) over LH,
GH and KH as depicted by (a) ERA-I and (b) CRU-TS ................... 231
Fig. 8 Temporal variability in annual temperature (°C) over LH,
GH and KH as depicted by ERA-I (a–c) and CRU-TS (d-f).
(a) and (d) depict long term (1985–2015) trends in annual
temperature by ERA-I and CRU-TS respectively, (b) and
(e) depict short term (1985–2000) trends in annual temperature
by ERA-I and CRU-TS respectively, (c) and (f) depict short
term (2001–2015) trends in annual temperature by ERA-I
and CRU-TS respectively. Here solid circles (●) depict
statistical significance at α = 0.05 ...................................................... 232
List of Figures
An Appraisal of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Temperature
and Precipitation Using Gridded Datasets over NW- Himalaya
Fig. 1 Study area showing various zones of NWH along with locations
of manual observatories (S1–S23) established by SASE.
Observatories S1, S2, S5–S9 belong to LH, S3, S4 and
S10 belong to GH and S11–S23 represent KH climatology .............. 222
Fig. 2 Magnitude of wintertime mean temperature as observed
and estimated at different climatic zones, i.e. (a) LH,
(b) GH, (c) KH; Magnitude of (d) Bias (%), (e) Mean
Absolute Error (MAE) and (f) Root Mean Squared Error
(RMSE) at LH, GH and KH (Kanda et al. 2019) .............................. 225
Fig. 3 Magnitude of wintertime precipitation (mm) as observed
and estimated at different climatic zones,i.e. (a) LH,
(b) GH, (c) KH; Magnitude of (d) Bias (%), (e) Mean
Absolute Error (MAE) and (f) Root Mean squared Error
(RMSE) at LH, GH and KH (Kanda et al. 2019) .............................. 226
Fig. 4 Inter-annual variability of wintertime Mean temperature
at different zones, (a) LH (b) GH and (c) KH. Black
lines depict Observed data and red lines depict estimated
values. The values of trend/slope (b; Units: °C/year)
for observed and estimated values are also given in
same color (Kanda et al. 2019) .......................................................... 227
Fig. 5 Inter-annual variability of wintertime precipitation at
different zones, (a) LH (b) GH and (c) KH. Black lines
depict Observed data and red lines depict estimated values.
The values of trend/slope (b; Units: mm/season) for observed
and estimated values are also given in same color
(Kanda et al. 2019) ............................................................................ 228
Fig. 6 Spatial variability in annual mean temperature
(°C) over LH, GH and KH as depicted by (a) ERA-I and
(b) CRU-TS ....................................................................................... 230
Fig. 7 Spatial variability in annual precipitation (mm) over LH,
GH and KH as depicted by (a) ERA-I and (b) CRU-TS ................... 231
Fig. 8 Temporal variability in annual temperature (°C) over LH,
GH and KH as depicted by ERA-I (a–c) and CRU-TS (d-f).
(a) and (d) depict long term (1985–2015) trends in annual
temperature by ERA-I and CRU-TS respectively, (b) and
(e) depict short term (1985–2000) trends in annual temperature
by ERA-I and CRU-TS respectively, (c) and (f) depict short
term (2001–2015) trends in annual temperature by ERA-I
and CRU-TS respectively. Here solid circles (●) depict
statistical significance at α = 0.05 ...................................................... 232
List of Figures