xxii
to more accumulation in the upper reaches as compared to
that of the lower portions of a glacier. The surface slope of
the glacier before the cooling phase is expressed in terms of
a dashed red line. (b) Model 2 showing the scenario which
will happen during a warming phase. Note the increase in the
surface slope θ due to more ablation in the lower reaches as
compared to that of the upper portions of a glacier. The surface
slope of the glacier before the warming phase is expressed in
terms of a dashed red line .................................................................. 133
Fig. 9 (a) Relationship between the stress in kPa and ice thickness
in m. (b) Relationship between the stress in kPa and bedrock
slope in degree (°). (c) Relationship between the stress in kPa
and surface slope in degree (°) ........................................................... 135
Glacier Response to Climate in Arctic and Himalaya During Last
Seventeen Years: A Case Study of Svalbard, Arctic
and Chandra Basin, Himalaya
Fig. 1 Study area (a) Ny-Alesund, Svalbard archipelago (b)
Chandra basin, Himalaya ................................................................... 142
Fig. 2 Annual net surface balance of glacier of Svalbard
from 2000 to 2016 ............................................................................. 146
Fig. 3 Annual net surface balance of glacier of Svalbard
from 1967 to 2016 ............................................................................. 146
Fig. 4 Mean annual net balance of six glaciers in Chandra basin
by National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
(NCPOR) during 2013–2017 ............................................................. 150
Fig. 5 A comparative study for annual mass balance of Chandra basin,
Himalaya and Svalbard (Arctic) glaciers during 2002–2016 ............ 150
Fig. 6 Cumulative mass balance of Svalbard, Arctic and Chandra basin,
Himalaya glaciers during 2002–2016 ................................................ 151
Fig. 7 Mean annual temperature and precipitation inf Chandra basin,
Himalaya during 1900–2015 ............................................................. 152
Implications of Changing Climatic Pattern on the Geopolitical
Situation of North Western Himalaya, India
Fig. 1 Chain of events in cases of climate change in Himalaya ................... 164
Glacier Melt Water Characteristics of Hamtah Glacier,
Lahaul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, India
Fig. 1 Hamtah glacier in Chandra basin, Lahaul & Spiti district, H.P ......... 172
Fig. 2 Emergence of Hamtah glacier meltwater stream from the snout ....... 173
Fig. 3 Discharge measurement in Hamtah glacier meltwater stream ........... 174
Fig. 4 Hamtah glacier meltwater hydrograph showing discharge
variation in total observation period .................................................. 175
Fig. 5 Average daily discharge of Hamtah glacier in total
observation period .............................................................................. 176
List of Figures
to more accumulation in the upper reaches as compared to
that of the lower portions of a glacier. The surface slope of
the glacier before the cooling phase is expressed in terms of
a dashed red line. (b) Model 2 showing the scenario which
will happen during a warming phase. Note the increase in the
surface slope θ due to more ablation in the lower reaches as
compared to that of the upper portions of a glacier. The surface
slope of the glacier before the warming phase is expressed in
terms of a dashed red line .................................................................. 133
Fig. 9 (a) Relationship between the stress in kPa and ice thickness
in m. (b) Relationship between the stress in kPa and bedrock
slope in degree (°). (c) Relationship between the stress in kPa
and surface slope in degree (°) ........................................................... 135
Glacier Response to Climate in Arctic and Himalaya During Last
Seventeen Years: A Case Study of Svalbard, Arctic
and Chandra Basin, Himalaya
Fig. 1 Study area (a) Ny-Alesund, Svalbard archipelago (b)
Chandra basin, Himalaya ................................................................... 142
Fig. 2 Annual net surface balance of glacier of Svalbard
from 2000 to 2016 ............................................................................. 146
Fig. 3 Annual net surface balance of glacier of Svalbard
from 1967 to 2016 ............................................................................. 146
Fig. 4 Mean annual net balance of six glaciers in Chandra basin
by National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
(NCPOR) during 2013–2017 ............................................................. 150
Fig. 5 A comparative study for annual mass balance of Chandra basin,
Himalaya and Svalbard (Arctic) glaciers during 2002–2016 ............ 150
Fig. 6 Cumulative mass balance of Svalbard, Arctic and Chandra basin,
Himalaya glaciers during 2002–2016 ................................................ 151
Fig. 7 Mean annual temperature and precipitation inf Chandra basin,
Himalaya during 1900–2015 ............................................................. 152
Implications of Changing Climatic Pattern on the Geopolitical
Situation of North Western Himalaya, India
Fig. 1 Chain of events in cases of climate change in Himalaya ................... 164
Glacier Melt Water Characteristics of Hamtah Glacier,
Lahaul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, India
Fig. 1 Hamtah glacier in Chandra basin, Lahaul & Spiti district, H.P ......... 172
Fig. 2 Emergence of Hamtah glacier meltwater stream from the snout ....... 173
Fig. 3 Discharge measurement in Hamtah glacier meltwater stream ........... 174
Fig. 4 Hamtah glacier meltwater hydrograph showing discharge
variation in total observation period .................................................. 175
Fig. 5 Average daily discharge of Hamtah glacier in total
observation period .............................................................................. 176
List of Figures