First of all, the effect of combined effect of sinter + forging processing on the impact resistance of the specimens was
evaluated (Fig. 11.8 right graph). These graphs show high damping and/or high absorbed capacity of the sintered-forging
specimens regarding to the simple sintering process. It means that, impact resistance is directly related to absorbed energy. In
fact, all of the specimens tested in the laboratory have shown that the most part of the impact force is used to maintain the
balance with the inertia force, and only a small portion of the impact force is actually used to damage via deformation and/or
fracture of the specimen. Absorbed energy should be related with the process used here that this energy increases considerably
in the structure obtained with sinter + forging. These results are only obtained in laboratory scales and should be improved
with detail analyses for industrial applications [8, 13, 15].
11.4 Conclusion
A new aluminium matrix composite was designed from fresh scrap aluminium with recycled chips of Alumix-431 (50 wt %)
and AA1050 (50 wt %) for the semi-electronic connection components as a low cost and high toughness - alternative
composite for aeronautical or automotive industries. Low cost production of these composites have been successfully
managed through the combined method of sinter + forging.
Microstructural analysis has shown that a good chemical bonding diffusion at interface of matrix-reinforcement essentially
in the specimens manufactured with combined process sinter + forging. These composites show a tough and complete
microstructure without porosity. Wear resistance and ductility should be absolutely improved with doping process and good
powder mixture preparation conditions; ball milling in longer time is needed for helping the fine and homogeneous
distribution of the particles in the matrix.
This combined process (Sinter + Forging) seems very confident values for future work of the production of alternative
pieces used in electronic connection components and also for other tribological applications. Optimizations of the operational
parameters need much more experimental work to create real parts in the industrial scales.
Acknowledgements This work has been carried out on the frame of research collaboration between Supmeca/Paris-FRANCE and UNICAMPFEM/CAMPINAS-SP/BRAZIL and Michigan Technical University/Houghton-MI-USA. Authors acknowledge and appreciate so much
Dr. G. ZAMBELIS from Airbus-Helicopter-Paris/FR for supplying materials and for technical help. We acknowledge technical staff of
Supmeca/Paris, Mr. Christophe BEN BRAHIM and Abdelghani LARBI for mechanical tests and data acquisition system analyses and installation
of electronic measurement devices.
References
1. Zhanga, P., Zhanga, L., Weib, D., Wub, P., Caob, J., Shijiab, C., Qua, X.: A high-performance copper-based brake pad for high-speed railway
trains and its surface substance evolution and wear mechanism at high temperature. Wear. 444-445, 203182 (2020)
2. Enginsoy, H.M., Gatamorta, F., Bayraktar, E., Robert, M.H., Miskioglu, I.: Experimental and numerical study of Al-Nb 2 Al composites via
associated procedure of powder metallurgy and thixoforming. Compos. Part B. 162, 397–410 (2019)
Fig. 11.8 Low velocity impact test result: Force (N)-Time (s) for the sintered specimen left, and for the sintered + forged specimen right
11 Design of Copper and γ-Alumina Reinforced Recycled Aluminium. . .
79
evaluated (Fig. 11.8 right graph). These graphs show high damping and/or high absorbed capacity of the sintered-forging
specimens regarding to the simple sintering process. It means that, impact resistance is directly related to absorbed energy. In
fact, all of the specimens tested in the laboratory have shown that the most part of the impact force is used to maintain the
balance with the inertia force, and only a small portion of the impact force is actually used to damage via deformation and/or
fracture of the specimen. Absorbed energy should be related with the process used here that this energy increases considerably
in the structure obtained with sinter + forging. These results are only obtained in laboratory scales and should be improved
with detail analyses for industrial applications [8, 13, 15].
11.4 Conclusion
A new aluminium matrix composite was designed from fresh scrap aluminium with recycled chips of Alumix-431 (50 wt %)
and AA1050 (50 wt %) for the semi-electronic connection components as a low cost and high toughness - alternative
composite for aeronautical or automotive industries. Low cost production of these composites have been successfully
managed through the combined method of sinter + forging.
Microstructural analysis has shown that a good chemical bonding diffusion at interface of matrix-reinforcement essentially
in the specimens manufactured with combined process sinter + forging. These composites show a tough and complete
microstructure without porosity. Wear resistance and ductility should be absolutely improved with doping process and good
powder mixture preparation conditions; ball milling in longer time is needed for helping the fine and homogeneous
distribution of the particles in the matrix.
This combined process (Sinter + Forging) seems very confident values for future work of the production of alternative
pieces used in electronic connection components and also for other tribological applications. Optimizations of the operational
parameters need much more experimental work to create real parts in the industrial scales.
Acknowledgements This work has been carried out on the frame of research collaboration between Supmeca/Paris-FRANCE and UNICAMPFEM/CAMPINAS-SP/BRAZIL and Michigan Technical University/Houghton-MI-USA. Authors acknowledge and appreciate so much
Dr. G. ZAMBELIS from Airbus-Helicopter-Paris/FR for supplying materials and for technical help. We acknowledge technical staff of
Supmeca/Paris, Mr. Christophe BEN BRAHIM and Abdelghani LARBI for mechanical tests and data acquisition system analyses and installation
of electronic measurement devices.
References
1. Zhanga, P., Zhanga, L., Weib, D., Wub, P., Caob, J., Shijiab, C., Qua, X.: A high-performance copper-based brake pad for high-speed railway
trains and its surface substance evolution and wear mechanism at high temperature. Wear. 444-445, 203182 (2020)
2. Enginsoy, H.M., Gatamorta, F., Bayraktar, E., Robert, M.H., Miskioglu, I.: Experimental and numerical study of Al-Nb 2 Al composites via
associated procedure of powder metallurgy and thixoforming. Compos. Part B. 162, 397–410 (2019)
Fig. 11.8 Low velocity impact test result: Force (N)-Time (s) for the sintered specimen left, and for the sintered + forged specimen right
11 Design of Copper and γ-Alumina Reinforced Recycled Aluminium. . .
79