10.4 Conclusions
In the frame of a common project that is going on, two series of “Ti-Al” aluminium matrix composites reinforced with fine
ceramic powders were designed. First series were prepared from recycled thin sheet “Ti-Al” based composites reinforced with
AA1050 and boron ceramics produced by hot forging bonding as sandwich structure. Second series of “Ti-Al” aluminium
matrix composites were reinforced with fine ceramic powders as TiB 2 , B 4 C, TiB 2 + B 4 C and also TiC produced through the
powder metallurgy route.
Both of two series of these composites have been successfully managed through the combined method of “sintering” and
also “sinter + forging” as a low cost and high toughness - alternative composites for industrial applications.
Microstructural analysis has shown that a good chemical bonding diffusion at interface of matrix-reinforcement essentially
in the specimens with a homogeneous distribution. These composites show a tough and sound microstructure generally
without porosity. Good cohesion at the interface can only be achieved at high sintering temperatures, i.e. between 650 and
680
C and is recommended strongly followed forging operation for obtaining a healthy and sound microstructure. By this
way, a very stable vibrational chemical bond between the matrix and intermetallic particles can be provided. In fact, increasing
the sintering temperature can provide easily vibrational chemical bonding under the effect of thermal diffusion. Therefore,
reaction phases at the matrix/reinforcements interface can be caused by a stable interface. Optimizations of the operational
parameters need much more experimental work to create real parts for the manufacturing of these composites in industrial
scales.
References
1. Huang, S.C., Chesnutt, J.C.: Gamma TiAl and its alloys. In: Westbrook, J.H., Fleischer, R.L. (eds.) Intermetallic Compounds, vol. 2, pp. 73–90.
Wiley, New York (1995)
2. Nathal, M.V., Darolia, R., Liu, C.T., Martin, P.L., Miracle, D.B., Wagner, R., Yamaguchi, M.: Structural Intermetallics, p. 157. TMS,
Warrendale, PA (1997)
3. Balak, Z., Abbasi, S.M.: Influence of the Ti content, training cycles and pre-strain on the two-way shape memory effect in NiTi alloys. Mater.
Des. 32, 3992–3996 (2011)
4. Khamei, A., Dehghani, K.: Microstructural evolution during the hot deformation of TiÀ55Ni (at. pct) intermetallic alloy. Metall. Mater.
Trans. A. 41, 2595–2605 (2010)
5. Bayraktar, E., Mora, R., Garcia, I.-M., Bathias, C.: Heat treatment, surface roughness and corrosion effects on the damage mechanism of
mechanical components in the very high cycle fatigue regime. Int. J. Fatigue. 31, 1532–1540 (2009)
6. Kevorkijan, V.S., Škapin, D.: Fabrication and characterization of TiAl/Ti3Al-based intermetallic composites (IMCS) reinforced with ceramic
particles. Assoc. Metall. Eng. Serbia AMES. 15, 75–89 (2009)
7. Katundi, D., Miskioglu, I., Bayraktar, E.: Design of Intermetallic Mg (Recycled Ti-Al) Based Composites Through Semi Powder Metallurgy
Method, À Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 5, pp. 27–34. Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03030028-9_4
8. Bayraktar, E., Bathias, C., Xue, H., Tao, H.: On the giga cycle fatigue behaviour of two-phase (α2/γ) Ti-Al alloy. Int. J. Fatigue. 26, 1263–1275
(2004)
9. Tetsui, T.: Development of a Ti-Al turbocharger for passenger vehicles. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 329–331, 582–588 (2002)
10. Tetsui, T.: Effects of high niobium addition on the mechanical properties and high-temperature deformability of gamma TiAl alloy.
Intermetallics. 10, 239–245 (2002)
11. Singh, J., Chauhan, A.: Characterization of hybrid aluminum matrix composites for advanced applications–a review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5
(2), 159–169 (2016)
12. Bayraktar, E., Katundi, D.: Development of a new aluminium matrix composite reinforced with iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ). J. Achieve. Mater.
Manufact. Eng. 38(/1), 7–14 (2010)
13. Enginsoy, H., Gatamorta, F., Bayraktar, E., Robert, M., Miskioglu, I.: Experimental and numerical study of Al-Nb 2 Al composites via associated
procedure of powder metallurgy and thixoforming. JCOMB, Compos. Part B Eng. 162, 397–410 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.
2018.12.138
14. Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., Katundi, D., Gatamorta, F.: Manufacturing of Recycled Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced of TiC/MoS 2 /
Al 2 O 3 Fiber Through Combined Method: Sintered + Forging, Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 5, pp. 15–26.
Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_3
15. Ezeddini, S., Zambelis, G., Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., Katundi, D.: Experimental study of laser cutting process of titanium aluminium (Ti-Al)
based composites designed through combined method of powder metallurgy and thixoforming. Mech. Compos. Multi-funct. Mater. 6, 21–31
(2017)
16. Xiao, C., Lin, Y.C., Dong, W.: Dynamic recrystallization behavior of a typical nickel-based superalloy during hot deformation. Mater. Des. 57,
568–577 (2014)
17. Bolzoni, L., Ruiz-Navas, E.M., Neubauer, E., Gordo, E.: Inductive hot-pressing of titanium and titanium alloy powders. Mater. Chem. Phys. 131
(3), 672–679 (2012)
10 Design of Recycled Thin Sheet “Ti-Al” Based Composites. . .
71
In the frame of a common project that is going on, two series of “Ti-Al” aluminium matrix composites reinforced with fine
ceramic powders were designed. First series were prepared from recycled thin sheet “Ti-Al” based composites reinforced with
AA1050 and boron ceramics produced by hot forging bonding as sandwich structure. Second series of “Ti-Al” aluminium
matrix composites were reinforced with fine ceramic powders as TiB 2 , B 4 C, TiB 2 + B 4 C and also TiC produced through the
powder metallurgy route.
Both of two series of these composites have been successfully managed through the combined method of “sintering” and
also “sinter + forging” as a low cost and high toughness - alternative composites for industrial applications.
Microstructural analysis has shown that a good chemical bonding diffusion at interface of matrix-reinforcement essentially
in the specimens with a homogeneous distribution. These composites show a tough and sound microstructure generally
without porosity. Good cohesion at the interface can only be achieved at high sintering temperatures, i.e. between 650 and
680
C and is recommended strongly followed forging operation for obtaining a healthy and sound microstructure. By this
way, a very stable vibrational chemical bond between the matrix and intermetallic particles can be provided. In fact, increasing
the sintering temperature can provide easily vibrational chemical bonding under the effect of thermal diffusion. Therefore,
reaction phases at the matrix/reinforcements interface can be caused by a stable interface. Optimizations of the operational
parameters need much more experimental work to create real parts for the manufacturing of these composites in industrial
scales.
References
1. Huang, S.C., Chesnutt, J.C.: Gamma TiAl and its alloys. In: Westbrook, J.H., Fleischer, R.L. (eds.) Intermetallic Compounds, vol. 2, pp. 73–90.
Wiley, New York (1995)
2. Nathal, M.V., Darolia, R., Liu, C.T., Martin, P.L., Miracle, D.B., Wagner, R., Yamaguchi, M.: Structural Intermetallics, p. 157. TMS,
Warrendale, PA (1997)
3. Balak, Z., Abbasi, S.M.: Influence of the Ti content, training cycles and pre-strain on the two-way shape memory effect in NiTi alloys. Mater.
Des. 32, 3992–3996 (2011)
4. Khamei, A., Dehghani, K.: Microstructural evolution during the hot deformation of TiÀ55Ni (at. pct) intermetallic alloy. Metall. Mater.
Trans. A. 41, 2595–2605 (2010)
5. Bayraktar, E., Mora, R., Garcia, I.-M., Bathias, C.: Heat treatment, surface roughness and corrosion effects on the damage mechanism of
mechanical components in the very high cycle fatigue regime. Int. J. Fatigue. 31, 1532–1540 (2009)
6. Kevorkijan, V.S., Škapin, D.: Fabrication and characterization of TiAl/Ti3Al-based intermetallic composites (IMCS) reinforced with ceramic
particles. Assoc. Metall. Eng. Serbia AMES. 15, 75–89 (2009)
7. Katundi, D., Miskioglu, I., Bayraktar, E.: Design of Intermetallic Mg (Recycled Ti-Al) Based Composites Through Semi Powder Metallurgy
Method, À Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 5, pp. 27–34. Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03030028-9_4
8. Bayraktar, E., Bathias, C., Xue, H., Tao, H.: On the giga cycle fatigue behaviour of two-phase (α2/γ) Ti-Al alloy. Int. J. Fatigue. 26, 1263–1275
(2004)
9. Tetsui, T.: Development of a Ti-Al turbocharger for passenger vehicles. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 329–331, 582–588 (2002)
10. Tetsui, T.: Effects of high niobium addition on the mechanical properties and high-temperature deformability of gamma TiAl alloy.
Intermetallics. 10, 239–245 (2002)
11. Singh, J., Chauhan, A.: Characterization of hybrid aluminum matrix composites for advanced applications–a review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5
(2), 159–169 (2016)
12. Bayraktar, E., Katundi, D.: Development of a new aluminium matrix composite reinforced with iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ). J. Achieve. Mater.
Manufact. Eng. 38(/1), 7–14 (2010)
13. Enginsoy, H., Gatamorta, F., Bayraktar, E., Robert, M., Miskioglu, I.: Experimental and numerical study of Al-Nb 2 Al composites via associated
procedure of powder metallurgy and thixoforming. JCOMB, Compos. Part B Eng. 162, 397–410 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.
2018.12.138
14. Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., Katundi, D., Gatamorta, F.: Manufacturing of Recycled Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced of TiC/MoS 2 /
Al 2 O 3 Fiber Through Combined Method: Sintered + Forging, Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, vol. 5, pp. 15–26.
Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_3
15. Ezeddini, S., Zambelis, G., Bayraktar, E., Miskioglu, I., Katundi, D.: Experimental study of laser cutting process of titanium aluminium (Ti-Al)
based composites designed through combined method of powder metallurgy and thixoforming. Mech. Compos. Multi-funct. Mater. 6, 21–31
(2017)
16. Xiao, C., Lin, Y.C., Dong, W.: Dynamic recrystallization behavior of a typical nickel-based superalloy during hot deformation. Mater. Des. 57,
568–577 (2014)
17. Bolzoni, L., Ruiz-Navas, E.M., Neubauer, E., Gordo, E.: Inductive hot-pressing of titanium and titanium alloy powders. Mater. Chem. Phys. 131
(3), 672–679 (2012)
10 Design of Recycled Thin Sheet “Ti-Al” Based Composites. . .
71