434
13 Experimental and Numerical Studies on Dynamic Behavior …
dimensions of 1 m × 1 m × 0.15 m were clamped on all four sides and subjected to
the detonations of 15.88 kg TNT or ANFO charges at the standoff distance of 1.5 m.
The incident and reflected overpressure-time histories, the central deflection- and
acceleration-time histories, as well as the strains of both concrete and rebars were
recorded and examined. The outstanding blast-resistant capacities of UHPC was
confirmed. Barnett et al. (2010) and Schleyer et al. (2011) studied the blast-resistance
of one-way spanning plain and reinforced UHPC panels. The test specimens were
fabricated with the dimensions of 3.5 m × 1.3 m × 0.1 m and suffered from the
explosion loadings generated from 100 kg TNT equivalent explosive charge with
the scaled distances ranging from 1.508 m/kg
1/3 to 2.585 m/kg
1/3 , respectively. By
comparing to the peak and residual deflections, it was manifested that the higher fiber
content and the application of rebar improved the performance of UHPC slabs under
explosions. Ngo et al. (2007) carried out the blast test on UHPC panels retrofitted
with the prestressed tendons, in which the panels with the dimensions of 2 m × 1 m
× (0.075 ~ 0.1) m were installed into a box-like concrete frame and tested against
the blast loadings from 6 t TNT equivalent explosive charge at a scaled distance of
2.201 m/kg
1/3 and 1.651 m/kg
1/3 , respectively. By collecting the blast pressures and
deflections of panels, it was indicated that the reinforced UHPC panels with larger
thickness performed better under blast loadings.
Besides, the numerical simulations have been becoming the efficient, costeffective and safe approach to study the blast loading effects on concrete structures,
which can be categorized into coupled (Li et al. 2015b; Peng et al. 2019; Schleyer et al.
2011; Zhou et al. 2008) and uncoupled methods (Foglar et al. 2017; Li et al. 2015a;
Lin 2018; Mao et al. 2014, 2015). For the coupled method, the dynamic interactions between blast waves and structures are considered, while the blast loadings are
determined by the empirical formulas and then applied on structures separately in the
uncoupled method (Rasouli and Toopchi–Nezhad 2018). Comparably, the coupled
method is generally more time-consuming. Li et al. (2015b) numerically studied
the damage and failure of plain UHPC panels under contact explosion, in which
the smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm was adopted to reproduce
the interactions between the explosion wave and slab. The Elastic-Plastic Hydrodynamics model (Hallquist 2006) was adopted for modeling UHPC material, and the
feasibility and accuracy of the numerical model were validated. Similarly, Peng et al.
(2019) adopted the SPH algorithm and Brittle Damage concrete model (Govindjee
et al. 1995) embedded in LS-DYNA (LSTC 2007) to numerically study the influences
of slab thickness and TNT charge weight on the performance of UHPC slab under
contact explosions. Schleyer et al. (2011) numerically studied the dynamic responses
and damage of UHPC panels under free air explosions with the program AUTODYN
(2005), the interactions between the blast wave and panel was fully coupled by
using Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) methodology. The
Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma model (Riedel et al. 1999) for high strength concrete was
calibrated and validated for UHPC. The dynamic responses of reinforced UHPC
panels subjected to blast loadings was predicted by Zhou et al. (2008) through the
program AUTODYN (2005), where the MMALE method for modeling blast loadings and modified Drucker-Prager model (Drucker and Prager 1952) for UHPC are
13 Experimental and Numerical Studies on Dynamic Behavior …
dimensions of 1 m × 1 m × 0.15 m were clamped on all four sides and subjected to
the detonations of 15.88 kg TNT or ANFO charges at the standoff distance of 1.5 m.
The incident and reflected overpressure-time histories, the central deflection- and
acceleration-time histories, as well as the strains of both concrete and rebars were
recorded and examined. The outstanding blast-resistant capacities of UHPC was
confirmed. Barnett et al. (2010) and Schleyer et al. (2011) studied the blast-resistance
of one-way spanning plain and reinforced UHPC panels. The test specimens were
fabricated with the dimensions of 3.5 m × 1.3 m × 0.1 m and suffered from the
explosion loadings generated from 100 kg TNT equivalent explosive charge with
the scaled distances ranging from 1.508 m/kg
1/3 to 2.585 m/kg
1/3 , respectively. By
comparing to the peak and residual deflections, it was manifested that the higher fiber
content and the application of rebar improved the performance of UHPC slabs under
explosions. Ngo et al. (2007) carried out the blast test on UHPC panels retrofitted
with the prestressed tendons, in which the panels with the dimensions of 2 m × 1 m
× (0.075 ~ 0.1) m were installed into a box-like concrete frame and tested against
the blast loadings from 6 t TNT equivalent explosive charge at a scaled distance of
2.201 m/kg
1/3 and 1.651 m/kg
1/3 , respectively. By collecting the blast pressures and
deflections of panels, it was indicated that the reinforced UHPC panels with larger
thickness performed better under blast loadings.
Besides, the numerical simulations have been becoming the efficient, costeffective and safe approach to study the blast loading effects on concrete structures,
which can be categorized into coupled (Li et al. 2015b; Peng et al. 2019; Schleyer et al.
2011; Zhou et al. 2008) and uncoupled methods (Foglar et al. 2017; Li et al. 2015a;
Lin 2018; Mao et al. 2014, 2015). For the coupled method, the dynamic interactions between blast waves and structures are considered, while the blast loadings are
determined by the empirical formulas and then applied on structures separately in the
uncoupled method (Rasouli and Toopchi–Nezhad 2018). Comparably, the coupled
method is generally more time-consuming. Li et al. (2015b) numerically studied
the damage and failure of plain UHPC panels under contact explosion, in which
the smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm was adopted to reproduce
the interactions between the explosion wave and slab. The Elastic-Plastic Hydrodynamics model (Hallquist 2006) was adopted for modeling UHPC material, and the
feasibility and accuracy of the numerical model were validated. Similarly, Peng et al.
(2019) adopted the SPH algorithm and Brittle Damage concrete model (Govindjee
et al. 1995) embedded in LS-DYNA (LSTC 2007) to numerically study the influences
of slab thickness and TNT charge weight on the performance of UHPC slab under
contact explosions. Schleyer et al. (2011) numerically studied the dynamic responses
and damage of UHPC panels under free air explosions with the program AUTODYN
(2005), the interactions between the blast wave and panel was fully coupled by
using Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) methodology. The
Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma model (Riedel et al. 1999) for high strength concrete was
calibrated and validated for UHPC. The dynamic responses of reinforced UHPC
panels subjected to blast loadings was predicted by Zhou et al. (2008) through the
program AUTODYN (2005), where the MMALE method for modeling blast loadings and modified Drucker-Prager model (Drucker and Prager 1952) for UHPC are