Nomenclature
xxi
τ t
Time required from the tensile stress occurs on the specimen to the
rupture (s)
E S
Approximate tensile elastic modulus (GPa)
l
Distance between the first fractured section and the free end of
specimens (mm)
˙
ε 0
Reference strain rate (s
−1 )
σ 2
Confining pressure (MPa)
σ 3
Confining pressure (MPa)
F 0
Axial deviatoric load (N)
σ 1
Actual axial stress (MPa)
A s
Cross-sectional area of the cylindrical specimen (mm
2 )
σ
th
3
Targeted value of confining pressure (MPa)
σ
Axial deviatoric stress (MPa)
ε v
Volumetric strain
f
c
Unconfined compressive strength of the specimen (MPa)
σ
u
1
Peak axial stress (MPa)
ε
u
1
Peak axial strain
ε
u
3
Peak lateral strain
ε
u
c
Peak axial strain of UHPCC under uniaxial compression
ν
Poisson’s ratio
ϕ
Internal-friction angle of concrete
σ m
Main normal stress (MPa)
τ m
Main shear stress (MPa)
a w
Willam–Warnke model coefficient
a w1
Willam–Warnke model coefficient
a w2
Willam–Warnke model coefficient
a p
Coefficient
b p
Coefficient
R
Toughness of concrete (N m)
ε 1
Axial strain
ε 3
Lateral strain
ε c r
First-crack strain
σ
∗
Normalized equivalent stress
P
*
Normalized hydrostatic pressure
T
*
Normalized maximum tensile hydrostatic pressure
P
Actual pressure (MPa)
T
Maximum tensile hydrostatic pressure (MPa)
˙
ε
*
Dimensionless strain rate
A
Material strength parameter
B
Material strength parameter
N
Material strength parameter
S max
Material strength parameter
C
Strain rate coefficient
μ
Volumetric strain
ρ
Current density (kg/m
3 )