On the other hand, a closer examination will be made to the self-evident truth,
specifically Kelvin’s second general conclusion as restated
Any restoration of mechanical energy [of a given amount], without [the expenditure of]
more than an equivalent [amount] of [mechanical energy resulting in its] dissipation, is
impossible in inanimate material processes…
In Sect. 5.10, this examination will be given with the goal of evaluating its
validity. It turned out that science (as we shall go over in Chap. 5) developed,
afterward in 1865, the entropy principle as the second universal principle, which is
universally accepted by everyone as the counterpoint to the principle of conservation of energy. Section 5.10 will conclude that the energy principle is not a
universal principle. Whether the entropy principle, itself, is the true counterpoint or
not will be evaluated in Chap. 8—with a surprising verdict.
4.8 Does the Heat-as-Energy Ontology Infer
Equivalence-Convertibility Synonym?
At this point, the first law was encapsulated by the five statements of Table 3.1 and
the equation
dE ¼ dQ À pdV
The second law (as captured by Kelvin and Clausius with what they were able to
incorporate from Carnot’s theory) was encapsulated at this point inclusively by the
two claims: the claim that heat cannot be converted 100% into work and the claim
of universality in spontaneous changes. At this stage, the theory of heat was very
much engineering oriented. This engineering-oriented MTH is based on the MEH,
or the ontological revolution against the caloric theory of heat that “heat is not a
substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect.”
But, instead of unqualified acceptance of heat as a form of energy, the MTH
accepted, in giving heat its causal agency, a qualification on “heat as energy” by
defining heat
Heat is energy in transit
Correspondingly, the energy was standardly defined,
Energy is the capacity for doing work
That is, the capacity of “heat as energy” in doing work lies in the process of heat
transfer as described by Carnot heat engine. These definitions of heat and energy,
which are still used as standard definitions, are problematic and will be clarified in
this discourse below, after the introduction of the entropy principle.
4.7 The Energy Principle, A Self-evident Proposition?
87
specifically Kelvin’s second general conclusion as restated
Any restoration of mechanical energy [of a given amount], without [the expenditure of]
more than an equivalent [amount] of [mechanical energy resulting in its] dissipation, is
impossible in inanimate material processes…
In Sect. 5.10, this examination will be given with the goal of evaluating its
validity. It turned out that science (as we shall go over in Chap. 5) developed,
afterward in 1865, the entropy principle as the second universal principle, which is
universally accepted by everyone as the counterpoint to the principle of conservation of energy. Section 5.10 will conclude that the energy principle is not a
universal principle. Whether the entropy principle, itself, is the true counterpoint or
not will be evaluated in Chap. 8—with a surprising verdict.
4.8 Does the Heat-as-Energy Ontology Infer
Equivalence-Convertibility Synonym?
At this point, the first law was encapsulated by the five statements of Table 3.1 and
the equation
dE ¼ dQ À pdV
The second law (as captured by Kelvin and Clausius with what they were able to
incorporate from Carnot’s theory) was encapsulated at this point inclusively by the
two claims: the claim that heat cannot be converted 100% into work and the claim
of universality in spontaneous changes. At this stage, the theory of heat was very
much engineering oriented. This engineering-oriented MTH is based on the MEH,
or the ontological revolution against the caloric theory of heat that “heat is not a
substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect.”
But, instead of unqualified acceptance of heat as a form of energy, the MTH
accepted, in giving heat its causal agency, a qualification on “heat as energy” by
defining heat
Heat is energy in transit
Correspondingly, the energy was standardly defined,
Energy is the capacity for doing work
That is, the capacity of “heat as energy” in doing work lies in the process of heat
transfer as described by Carnot heat engine. These definitions of heat and energy,
which are still used as standard definitions, are problematic and will be clarified in
this discourse below, after the introduction of the entropy principle.
4.7 The Energy Principle, A Self-evident Proposition?
87