reduce the LOD (Deep et al. 2015). Pesticides are known to hinder certain photophysical as well as photo-chemical functions of nanomaterial, through specific
recognition of pesticides by antibodies immobilized on nanomaterial surfaces may
lead to discovery of many excellent phenomena, for example, pentachlorophenol
obstructs electrochemiluminescence of Au nanoclusters/graphene hybrid (Luo et al.
2014), acetamiprid decreases enhanced photocurrent produced by electron donor of
quercetin in Co-doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor, thiram quenches blue
luminescence of Cu
2+ decorated NaYF4:Yb/Tm up conversion NPs fixed on filter
paper (monitored by the smartphone camera through a self-written Android program) (Mei et al. 2016).
3.6.6 Microbial Safety and Quality
Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is a key step in the control of food-related
diseases. Conventional methods for the detection of food pathogens, although
typically sensitive, often require multiple time-consuming steps such as extraction,
isolation, enrichment, counting, etc., prior to measurement, resulting in testing times
which can be days (Paul et al. 2013). There is an urgent necessity to develop rapid
and sensitive detection methods. To overcome these limitations, several examples of
innovative integration of microbial biosensors with recent nanotechnologies have
been proposed in the past decade. For instance, microfluidic systems showed many
advantages by minimizing the sample and reagent volumes required, shortening
analysis time with high resolution and repeatability, and demonstrating multiple
assays on a chip in a high-throughput manner (Kim et al. 2014). In addition, it was
demonstrated that microfluidic systems cannot only provide microorganisms with an
ideal cell culture microenvironment that is close to in vivo (Shaw and Kado 1986)
but also enable high portability and more rapid analysis compared to conventional
methods (Joyner and Lindow 2000). The nano-fabrication showed a remarkable
potential for microbial biosensors with the following features (Fujimoto et al. 2006):
1. Enhanced optical and electrochemical measurements
2. Improved immobilization and automated culture environments
3. High portability and more practical applications
Nano-based sensing approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) and
nanostructures to enhance sensitivity and selectivity, design new detection schemes,
improve sample preparation, and increase portability (Bülbül et al. 2015). Recently,
nanotechnology allowed for the design of nanosensors for identification of
foodborne pathogens or toxins.
The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) immune-sensing chips have been developed
by Dong et al. (2006) with reinforced, supported, fluid bilayer membranes (r-SBMs)
and specific antibodies to the toxin for the detection of with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B. Rivas et al. (2006) developed universal G-liposomal nanovesicles based on
immune-magnetic bead sandwich assay to detect E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella sp.,
3 Application of Nanobiosensors for Food Safety Monitoring
115
recognition of pesticides by antibodies immobilized on nanomaterial surfaces may
lead to discovery of many excellent phenomena, for example, pentachlorophenol
obstructs electrochemiluminescence of Au nanoclusters/graphene hybrid (Luo et al.
2014), acetamiprid decreases enhanced photocurrent produced by electron donor of
quercetin in Co-doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor, thiram quenches blue
luminescence of Cu
2+ decorated NaYF4:Yb/Tm up conversion NPs fixed on filter
paper (monitored by the smartphone camera through a self-written Android program) (Mei et al. 2016).
3.6.6 Microbial Safety and Quality
Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is a key step in the control of food-related
diseases. Conventional methods for the detection of food pathogens, although
typically sensitive, often require multiple time-consuming steps such as extraction,
isolation, enrichment, counting, etc., prior to measurement, resulting in testing times
which can be days (Paul et al. 2013). There is an urgent necessity to develop rapid
and sensitive detection methods. To overcome these limitations, several examples of
innovative integration of microbial biosensors with recent nanotechnologies have
been proposed in the past decade. For instance, microfluidic systems showed many
advantages by minimizing the sample and reagent volumes required, shortening
analysis time with high resolution and repeatability, and demonstrating multiple
assays on a chip in a high-throughput manner (Kim et al. 2014). In addition, it was
demonstrated that microfluidic systems cannot only provide microorganisms with an
ideal cell culture microenvironment that is close to in vivo (Shaw and Kado 1986)
but also enable high portability and more rapid analysis compared to conventional
methods (Joyner and Lindow 2000). The nano-fabrication showed a remarkable
potential for microbial biosensors with the following features (Fujimoto et al. 2006):
1. Enhanced optical and electrochemical measurements
2. Improved immobilization and automated culture environments
3. High portability and more practical applications
Nano-based sensing approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) and
nanostructures to enhance sensitivity and selectivity, design new detection schemes,
improve sample preparation, and increase portability (Bülbül et al. 2015). Recently,
nanotechnology allowed for the design of nanosensors for identification of
foodborne pathogens or toxins.
The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) immune-sensing chips have been developed
by Dong et al. (2006) with reinforced, supported, fluid bilayer membranes (r-SBMs)
and specific antibodies to the toxin for the detection of with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B. Rivas et al. (2006) developed universal G-liposomal nanovesicles based on
immune-magnetic bead sandwich assay to detect E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella sp.,
3 Application of Nanobiosensors for Food Safety Monitoring
115