established a regulatory standard for microbial and non-microbial contaminants in
milk and milk products. Therefore, dairy industries or food business operators
(FBOs) are needed to follow these standards during the manufacture, marketing,
retails, and distribution of various dairy products. Since consumption pattern of dairy
foods by the consumers and the demand for quality and safe food is increasing, the
industries are under tremendous pressure to meet the requirement in one working
day. Hence the need of the hour is to develop novel methods which are real-time,
accurate, cost-effective, selective, no interference with other contaminants, etc.
Many studies have revealed the various applications of biosensors, including environmental and bioprocess control and quality and safety control of dairy products. At
present, the biosensors are applied to a large variety of samples including dairy
products, food, environmental samples, etc. Further, these biosensors are integrated
into nano-molecules for the development of nanobiosensor in order to improve the
performance of the system in both the existing and potential sensing applications.
We reviewed that the nanobiosensors are naturally sensors which are made up of
nanomaterials and interestingly these are not the specialized sensors which can
detect the nanoscale events and happenings. The nanobiosensors are developed by
using specific recognition molecules which are integrated on a surface of the
nanowire/nanotube for making a specifically sensitive to the target. The Wide
spectrum of recognition molecule like single-stranded DNA, an antibody, aptamer,
enzymes, protein which shows an affinity toward a target, or a protein that specifically interact with another biological molecule. These nanobiosensors are having
wide application in the field of microbial quality and safety monitoring in dairy
industry including antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals, aflatoxin, and adulterants,
microbial contamination including foodborne pathogens, and packaging material
integration with nanobiosensor as an indicator of quality and safety of the products.
Furthermore, the development of lab-on-a-chip technique by integration of analyte
onto a microfluidic chip to develop an electromechanical system would provide new
avenue field of nanobiosensor. However, there are still several challenges to overcome, which limit the progress of technology transfer and commercialization,
mainly related to the difficulties in the integration of all the components into a single
portable platform. Yet, there is still a long road ahead for this emerging technology
to be fully adapted to a filed application.
Keywords Nanobiosensor · Food safety · Detection · Chemical and microbial
3.1 Introduction
Dairying is one of the finest instrumentals for the development of socioeconomic
condition in India. In India, there are 400 million milk-producing animals
(FAOSTAT, 2005) providing 146.3 million tons of milk per year as per economic
survey in 2014–2015. Among the total milk productions in India, around 54.5%
comes from Buffalo followed by 41% from cow and remaining 4.5% from goats
94
H. V. Raghu et al.
milk and milk products. Therefore, dairy industries or food business operators
(FBOs) are needed to follow these standards during the manufacture, marketing,
retails, and distribution of various dairy products. Since consumption pattern of dairy
foods by the consumers and the demand for quality and safe food is increasing, the
industries are under tremendous pressure to meet the requirement in one working
day. Hence the need of the hour is to develop novel methods which are real-time,
accurate, cost-effective, selective, no interference with other contaminants, etc.
Many studies have revealed the various applications of biosensors, including environmental and bioprocess control and quality and safety control of dairy products. At
present, the biosensors are applied to a large variety of samples including dairy
products, food, environmental samples, etc. Further, these biosensors are integrated
into nano-molecules for the development of nanobiosensor in order to improve the
performance of the system in both the existing and potential sensing applications.
We reviewed that the nanobiosensors are naturally sensors which are made up of
nanomaterials and interestingly these are not the specialized sensors which can
detect the nanoscale events and happenings. The nanobiosensors are developed by
using specific recognition molecules which are integrated on a surface of the
nanowire/nanotube for making a specifically sensitive to the target. The Wide
spectrum of recognition molecule like single-stranded DNA, an antibody, aptamer,
enzymes, protein which shows an affinity toward a target, or a protein that specifically interact with another biological molecule. These nanobiosensors are having
wide application in the field of microbial quality and safety monitoring in dairy
industry including antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals, aflatoxin, and adulterants,
microbial contamination including foodborne pathogens, and packaging material
integration with nanobiosensor as an indicator of quality and safety of the products.
Furthermore, the development of lab-on-a-chip technique by integration of analyte
onto a microfluidic chip to develop an electromechanical system would provide new
avenue field of nanobiosensor. However, there are still several challenges to overcome, which limit the progress of technology transfer and commercialization,
mainly related to the difficulties in the integration of all the components into a single
portable platform. Yet, there is still a long road ahead for this emerging technology
to be fully adapted to a filed application.
Keywords Nanobiosensor · Food safety · Detection · Chemical and microbial
3.1 Introduction
Dairying is one of the finest instrumentals for the development of socioeconomic
condition in India. In India, there are 400 million milk-producing animals
(FAOSTAT, 2005) providing 146.3 million tons of milk per year as per economic
survey in 2014–2015. Among the total milk productions in India, around 54.5%
comes from Buffalo followed by 41% from cow and remaining 4.5% from goats
94
H. V. Raghu et al.