and experiment. Journal of the Geological Society of
London 140: 725–40.
Ryan, M. P. and Blevins, J. Y. K., 1987, The Viscosity of
Synthetic and Natural Silicate Melts and Glasses at High
Temperatures and 1 bar (10
5 Pascals) Pressure and at
Higher Pressures, Bulletin 1764. Denver, CO: US
Geological Survey.
Ryan, R. J. and Smith, P. K., 1998, A review of the
mesothermal gold deposits of the Meguma Group,
Nova Scotia, Canada. Ore Geology Reviews 13: 153–83.
Sander, B., 1970, An Introduction to the Study of Fabrics of
Geological Bodies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Sanford, A. R., 1959, Analytical and experimental study
of simple geologic structures. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 70: 19–52.
Savage, J. C., Prescott, W. H., Lisowski, M., and King, N.,
1979, Deformation across the Salton trough,
California, 1973–1977. Journal of Geophysical Research
84: 3069–79.
Savage, W. Z. and Swolfs, H. S., 1986, Tectonic and gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and
valleys. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 3677–85.
Savage, W. Z., Swolfs, H. S., and Powers, P. S., 1985,
Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and
valleys. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Science 22: 291–302.
Scheidegger, A. E., 1962, Stresses in the Earth’s crust as
determined from hydraulic fracturing data. Geologie
und Bauwesen 27: 45–53.
Schlichting, H., 1979, Boundary-Layer Theory. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Scholz, C. H., 1990, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and
Faulting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Segall, P. and Harris, R. A., 1986, Slip deficit on the San
Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California, as revealed by
inversion of geodetic data. Science 233: 1409–13.
Segall, P., McKee, E. H., Martel, S. J., and Turrin, B. D.,
1990, Cretaceous age of fractures in the Sierra
Nevada batholith, California. Geology 18: 1248–51.
Segall, P. and Pollard, D. D., 1980, Mechanics of discontinuous faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 85:
4337–50.
Segall, P. and Pollard, D. D., 1983a, Joint formation in
granitic rock of the Sierra Nevada. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 94: 563–75.
Segall, P. and Pollard, D. D., 1983b, Nucleation and
growth of strike slip faults in granite. Journal of
Geophysical Research 88(B1): 555–68.
Segall, P. and Simpson, C., 1986, Nucleation of ductile
shear zones on dilatant fractures. Geology 14: 56–9.
Selby, S. M., 1975, Standard Mathematical Tables.
Cleveland, OH: CRC Press, p. 756.
Shaw, H. R., 1963, Obsidian–H 2 O viscosities at 1000 and
2000 bars in the temperature range 700° to 900°.
Journal of Geophysical Research 68: 6337–43.
Shaw, H. R., 1969, Rheology of basalt in the melting
range. Journal of Petrology 10: 510–35.
Shaw, H. R., Peck, D. L., Wright, T. L., and Okamura, R.,
1968, The viscosity of basaltic magma: an analysis of
field measurements in Makaopuhi lave lake, Hawaii.
American Journal of Science 266: 225–64.
Sheriff, R. E. and Geldart, L. P., 1995, Exploration
Seismology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sherwin, J.-A. and Chapple, W. M., 1968, Wavelengths
of single layer folds: a comparison between theory
and observation. American Journal of Science 266:
167–79.
Shipton, Z. K. and Cowie, P. A., 2001, Damage zone and
slip-surface evolution over micron to km scales in
high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah. Journal of
Structural Geology 23: 1825–44.
Sibson, R. H., 1986, Earthquakes and rock deformation
in crustal fault zones. Annual Reviews of Earth and
Planetary Sciences 14: 149–75.
Sibson, R. H., 1987, Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems. Geology 15:
701–4.
Sibson, R. H., 1989, Earthquake faulting as a structural
process. Journal of Structural Geology 11(1/2): 1–14.
Sieh, K., Jones, L., Hauksson, E., et al., 1993, Near-field
investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence,
April to July 1992. Science 260: 171–6.
Sih, G. C., 1973, Handbook of Stress Intensity Factors.
Bethlehem, PA: Institute of Fracture and Solid
Mechanics, Lehigh University.
Smith, R. B., 1975, Unified theory of the onset of
folding, boudinage, and mullion structure. Geological
Society of America Bulletin 86: 1601–9.
Smith, R. B., 1977, Formation of folds, boudinage, and
mullions in non-Newtonian materials. Geological
Society of America Bulletin 88: 312–20.
Smith, R. B., 1979, The folding of a strongly nonNewtonian layer. American Journal of Science 279:
272–87.
Smoluchowski, M., 1909, Über ein gewisses
Stabilitätsproblem der Elastizitätslehre und dessen
Beziehung zur Entstehung von Faltengebirgen. Anz.
Akad. Wiss. Krakau, Math. Naturw. 2: 3 and 727.
Sokolnikoff, I. S., 1956, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sokoutis, D., 1987, Finite strain effects in experimental
mullions. Journal of Structural Geology 9: 233–42.
Sommer, E., 1969, Formation of fracture “lances” in
glass. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 1: 539–46.
REFERENCES
493
London 140: 725–40.
Ryan, M. P. and Blevins, J. Y. K., 1987, The Viscosity of
Synthetic and Natural Silicate Melts and Glasses at High
Temperatures and 1 bar (10
5 Pascals) Pressure and at
Higher Pressures, Bulletin 1764. Denver, CO: US
Geological Survey.
Ryan, R. J. and Smith, P. K., 1998, A review of the
mesothermal gold deposits of the Meguma Group,
Nova Scotia, Canada. Ore Geology Reviews 13: 153–83.
Sander, B., 1970, An Introduction to the Study of Fabrics of
Geological Bodies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Sanford, A. R., 1959, Analytical and experimental study
of simple geologic structures. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 70: 19–52.
Savage, J. C., Prescott, W. H., Lisowski, M., and King, N.,
1979, Deformation across the Salton trough,
California, 1973–1977. Journal of Geophysical Research
84: 3069–79.
Savage, W. Z. and Swolfs, H. S., 1986, Tectonic and gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and
valleys. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 3677–85.
Savage, W. Z., Swolfs, H. S., and Powers, P. S., 1985,
Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and
valleys. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Science 22: 291–302.
Scheidegger, A. E., 1962, Stresses in the Earth’s crust as
determined from hydraulic fracturing data. Geologie
und Bauwesen 27: 45–53.
Schlichting, H., 1979, Boundary-Layer Theory. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Scholz, C. H., 1990, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and
Faulting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Segall, P. and Harris, R. A., 1986, Slip deficit on the San
Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California, as revealed by
inversion of geodetic data. Science 233: 1409–13.
Segall, P., McKee, E. H., Martel, S. J., and Turrin, B. D.,
1990, Cretaceous age of fractures in the Sierra
Nevada batholith, California. Geology 18: 1248–51.
Segall, P. and Pollard, D. D., 1980, Mechanics of discontinuous faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 85:
4337–50.
Segall, P. and Pollard, D. D., 1983a, Joint formation in
granitic rock of the Sierra Nevada. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 94: 563–75.
Segall, P. and Pollard, D. D., 1983b, Nucleation and
growth of strike slip faults in granite. Journal of
Geophysical Research 88(B1): 555–68.
Segall, P. and Simpson, C., 1986, Nucleation of ductile
shear zones on dilatant fractures. Geology 14: 56–9.
Selby, S. M., 1975, Standard Mathematical Tables.
Cleveland, OH: CRC Press, p. 756.
Shaw, H. R., 1963, Obsidian–H 2 O viscosities at 1000 and
2000 bars in the temperature range 700° to 900°.
Journal of Geophysical Research 68: 6337–43.
Shaw, H. R., 1969, Rheology of basalt in the melting
range. Journal of Petrology 10: 510–35.
Shaw, H. R., Peck, D. L., Wright, T. L., and Okamura, R.,
1968, The viscosity of basaltic magma: an analysis of
field measurements in Makaopuhi lave lake, Hawaii.
American Journal of Science 266: 225–64.
Sheriff, R. E. and Geldart, L. P., 1995, Exploration
Seismology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sherwin, J.-A. and Chapple, W. M., 1968, Wavelengths
of single layer folds: a comparison between theory
and observation. American Journal of Science 266:
167–79.
Shipton, Z. K. and Cowie, P. A., 2001, Damage zone and
slip-surface evolution over micron to km scales in
high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah. Journal of
Structural Geology 23: 1825–44.
Sibson, R. H., 1986, Earthquakes and rock deformation
in crustal fault zones. Annual Reviews of Earth and
Planetary Sciences 14: 149–75.
Sibson, R. H., 1987, Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems. Geology 15:
701–4.
Sibson, R. H., 1989, Earthquake faulting as a structural
process. Journal of Structural Geology 11(1/2): 1–14.
Sieh, K., Jones, L., Hauksson, E., et al., 1993, Near-field
investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence,
April to July 1992. Science 260: 171–6.
Sih, G. C., 1973, Handbook of Stress Intensity Factors.
Bethlehem, PA: Institute of Fracture and Solid
Mechanics, Lehigh University.
Smith, R. B., 1975, Unified theory of the onset of
folding, boudinage, and mullion structure. Geological
Society of America Bulletin 86: 1601–9.
Smith, R. B., 1977, Formation of folds, boudinage, and
mullions in non-Newtonian materials. Geological
Society of America Bulletin 88: 312–20.
Smith, R. B., 1979, The folding of a strongly nonNewtonian layer. American Journal of Science 279:
272–87.
Smoluchowski, M., 1909, Über ein gewisses
Stabilitätsproblem der Elastizitätslehre und dessen
Beziehung zur Entstehung von Faltengebirgen. Anz.
Akad. Wiss. Krakau, Math. Naturw. 2: 3 and 727.
Sokolnikoff, I. S., 1956, Mathematical Theory of Elasticity.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sokoutis, D., 1987, Finite strain effects in experimental
mullions. Journal of Structural Geology 9: 233–42.
Sommer, E., 1969, Formation of fracture “lances” in
glass. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 1: 539–46.
REFERENCES
493