36
offering extension and outreach services. Based on various case studies showcasing
the effectiveness of curriculum and educational tools, more financial investment in
biomass utilization education and carbon source availabilities is needed in cultivating emerging circular, rather than linear, economies.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 encompasses the
need to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.” Interrelated, the UN Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) and SDG 6 highlight the need to develop more holistic waste management
and water conservation measures. Compost program development and effective
humanure program development, in particular, foster this.
Acknowledgements This research is funded by the USDA National Needs Fellow program,
Grant: #2015-38420-23706. Thank you to Bruce Haley and staff.
References
Agriculture in Ghana: facts and figures (2011) Statistics, Research and Information Directorate,
Ministry of Food and Agriculture, May 2011. Retrieved from: http://mofa.gov.gh/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/AGRICULTURE-IN-GHANA-FF-2010.pdf
Albaladejo J, Lopez J, Boix-Fayos C, Barbera GG, Martinez-Mena M (2008) Long-term effect
of a single application of organic refuse on carbon sequestration and soil physical properties.
J Environ Qual 37:2093–2099
Brady NC, Weil RR (2008) The nature and properties of soils, 14th edn. Pearson Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River
Brinton WF, Bonhotal J, Fiesinger T (2012) Compost sampling for nutrient and quality parameters: variability of sampler, timing and pile depth. Compost Sci Util 20(3):141–149
CC DARE (2016) Climate change and development – adapting by reducing vulnerability. A
Joint UNEP/UMDP Programme for Sub-Saharan Africa Funded by the Danish Ministry of
Foreign Affairs: Ghana National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Retrieved from: http://
adaptation- undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ghana_national_climate_change_adaptation_strategy_nccas.pdf
Creegan E (2017) Effects of compost and biochar application on turf soil nitrate and carbon content under water deficit conditions. Unpublished Master’s thesis, California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona, California. Retrieved from: Cal Poly Pomona University Library Bronco
Scholar database: http://broncoscholar.library.cpp.edu/discover?query=Emily+Creegan&subm
it=Go&scope=
Egrinya A, Inanaga S, Li X, An P, Li J, Duan L, Li Z (2008) Effectiveness of mulching vs.
incorporation of composted cattle manure in soil water conservation for wheat based on ecophysiological parameters. J Agron Crop Sci 194(1):26–33
El-Gawad AA (2008) Employment of bioorganic agriculture technology for Zea mays cultivation
in some desert soils. Res J Agric Biol Sci 4(5):553–565
Finn D, Page K, Catton K, Strounina E, Kienzle M, Robertson F, Armstrong R, Dalal R (2015)
Effect of added nitrogen on plant litter decomposition depends on initial soil carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry. Soil Biol Biochem 91:160–168
Fortier J, Gagnon D, Truax B, Lambert F (2010) Nutrient accumulation and carbon sequestration
in 6-year old hybrid poplars in multiclonal agricultural riparian buffer strips. Agric Ecosyst
Environ 137:276–287
Henson R (2014) The thinking person’s guide to climate change. American Meteorological
Society, Boston
E. F. Creegan and R. Flynn
offering extension and outreach services. Based on various case studies showcasing
the effectiveness of curriculum and educational tools, more financial investment in
biomass utilization education and carbon source availabilities is needed in cultivating emerging circular, rather than linear, economies.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 encompasses the
need to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.” Interrelated, the UN Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) and SDG 6 highlight the need to develop more holistic waste management
and water conservation measures. Compost program development and effective
humanure program development, in particular, foster this.
Acknowledgements This research is funded by the USDA National Needs Fellow program,
Grant: #2015-38420-23706. Thank you to Bruce Haley and staff.
References
Agriculture in Ghana: facts and figures (2011) Statistics, Research and Information Directorate,
Ministry of Food and Agriculture, May 2011. Retrieved from: http://mofa.gov.gh/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/AGRICULTURE-IN-GHANA-FF-2010.pdf
Albaladejo J, Lopez J, Boix-Fayos C, Barbera GG, Martinez-Mena M (2008) Long-term effect
of a single application of organic refuse on carbon sequestration and soil physical properties.
J Environ Qual 37:2093–2099
Brady NC, Weil RR (2008) The nature and properties of soils, 14th edn. Pearson Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River
Brinton WF, Bonhotal J, Fiesinger T (2012) Compost sampling for nutrient and quality parameters: variability of sampler, timing and pile depth. Compost Sci Util 20(3):141–149
CC DARE (2016) Climate change and development – adapting by reducing vulnerability. A
Joint UNEP/UMDP Programme for Sub-Saharan Africa Funded by the Danish Ministry of
Foreign Affairs: Ghana National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Retrieved from: http://
adaptation- undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ghana_national_climate_change_adaptation_strategy_nccas.pdf
Creegan E (2017) Effects of compost and biochar application on turf soil nitrate and carbon content under water deficit conditions. Unpublished Master’s thesis, California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona, California. Retrieved from: Cal Poly Pomona University Library Bronco
Scholar database: http://broncoscholar.library.cpp.edu/discover?query=Emily+Creegan&subm
it=Go&scope=
Egrinya A, Inanaga S, Li X, An P, Li J, Duan L, Li Z (2008) Effectiveness of mulching vs.
incorporation of composted cattle manure in soil water conservation for wheat based on ecophysiological parameters. J Agron Crop Sci 194(1):26–33
El-Gawad AA (2008) Employment of bioorganic agriculture technology for Zea mays cultivation
in some desert soils. Res J Agric Biol Sci 4(5):553–565
Finn D, Page K, Catton K, Strounina E, Kienzle M, Robertson F, Armstrong R, Dalal R (2015)
Effect of added nitrogen on plant litter decomposition depends on initial soil carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry. Soil Biol Biochem 91:160–168
Fortier J, Gagnon D, Truax B, Lambert F (2010) Nutrient accumulation and carbon sequestration
in 6-year old hybrid poplars in multiclonal agricultural riparian buffer strips. Agric Ecosyst
Environ 137:276–287
Henson R (2014) The thinking person’s guide to climate change. American Meteorological
Society, Boston
E. F. Creegan and R. Flynn