Fig. 7.3 Energy consumption and loss for each stage of the process in open-pit mining technology. (a) Energy consumption for each stage open-pit mining. (b) Energy loss for each stage of the
open- pit mine. (Note: Efficiency of first law (Cullen and Allwood 2010; Pellegrino et al. 2004;
Romero Rueda et  al. 2012). Extraction (ŋ  =  38%), primary crushing (ŋ  =  81%), grinding mill
(ŋ = 81%), gravimetric separation (ŋ = 90%), flotation (ŋ = 72%), leaching (ŋ = 90%), adsorption
(ŋ = 55%), detoxification (ŋ = 72%), WTTP (ŋ = 90%), elution and regeneration (ŋ = 72%), casting
and molding (ŋ = 82%), other services (ŋ = 21))