16 Water Resources from Apuseni Mountains …
529
Table 16.3 (continued)
No. Petrography
Geologic age
No. Petrography
Geologic age
14
Sandstone,
clay-shale,
conglomerates,
limestone
Inf. Cretaceous
29
Aleuritic flysch +
micro
conglomerate and
quartz sandstone
Mid. Cretaceous
15
Sandstone,
clay-shale,
marl-shale,
conglomerates,
limestone +
conglomerate,
calcarenite
Inf. Cretaceous
30
Conglomerates,
calcarenites, marl
shale
Inf. Cretaceous
formations are those of paleogenic age (located in the Iara Depression), followed by
neogene ones (limestone, sands and Pannonian gravels).
The eruptive (magmatic) formations are chronologically found in the Muntele
Mare massif, represented by hercynian age granitic intrusions and by eruptive formations in the Aries , eni area [92]. In Trasc˘ au Mountains, there are Jurassic age ophiolitic magmatic rocks while in G˘ aina massif and in some areas of Muntele Mare,
can be spotted banatitic Cretacic age magmatic rocks (granites, andesites). Also, in
Metaliferi Mountains, can be found quaternary volcanic rocks (basalt and andesite),
which were the object of the first geological observations, explained by their metalogenetic interest associated to gold-silver deposits (the northern part of the “Golden
Quadrillater”).
The relief of the basin is described by a general altitude decrease in the WestEast direction with local peculiarities imposed by the presence of limestone masses,
which appear as a discordant note in the landscape (the abrupt of Bedeleu, Petres , tilor
ridge, both located in Trasc˘ au Mountains Fig. 16.6).
An important role in the development of the hydrographic network and implicitly
in the formation of superficial flow has a number of elements specific to the relief:
the orientation of the slopes (in correlation with the general circulation of the air
masses), the fragmentation density and the depth of fragmentation (expressed by
relief energy), slopes’ tilting.
Thus, the slope orientation favors the ones exposed to the dominant western direction air masses, and implicitly in providing additional water from precipitation. In
the area of tributaries’ springs, the relief has high slopes that favor the rapid flow of
water and the development of some fluvial modeling processes, ranging from torrents
and ravines on the slopes to the strong erosion of the river bed.
Cris , ul Alb basin
The morphology of the Cris , ul Alb basin, as an integrant part of the Apuseni Mountains, is defined by the southern flanks of the Bihor Mountains (G˘ aina massif), the
western sector of Metaliferi Mountains, Brad and Halmagiu depressions and a part of
the southern slopes of the Codru-Moma Massif. The area associated with the G˘ aina
529
Table 16.3 (continued)
No. Petrography
Geologic age
No. Petrography
Geologic age
14
Sandstone,
clay-shale,
conglomerates,
limestone
Inf. Cretaceous
29
Aleuritic flysch +
micro
conglomerate and
quartz sandstone
Mid. Cretaceous
15
Sandstone,
clay-shale,
marl-shale,
conglomerates,
limestone +
conglomerate,
calcarenite
Inf. Cretaceous
30
Conglomerates,
calcarenites, marl
shale
Inf. Cretaceous
formations are those of paleogenic age (located in the Iara Depression), followed by
neogene ones (limestone, sands and Pannonian gravels).
The eruptive (magmatic) formations are chronologically found in the Muntele
Mare massif, represented by hercynian age granitic intrusions and by eruptive formations in the Aries , eni area [92]. In Trasc˘ au Mountains, there are Jurassic age ophiolitic magmatic rocks while in G˘ aina massif and in some areas of Muntele Mare,
can be spotted banatitic Cretacic age magmatic rocks (granites, andesites). Also, in
Metaliferi Mountains, can be found quaternary volcanic rocks (basalt and andesite),
which were the object of the first geological observations, explained by their metalogenetic interest associated to gold-silver deposits (the northern part of the “Golden
Quadrillater”).
The relief of the basin is described by a general altitude decrease in the WestEast direction with local peculiarities imposed by the presence of limestone masses,
which appear as a discordant note in the landscape (the abrupt of Bedeleu, Petres , tilor
ridge, both located in Trasc˘ au Mountains Fig. 16.6).
An important role in the development of the hydrographic network and implicitly
in the formation of superficial flow has a number of elements specific to the relief:
the orientation of the slopes (in correlation with the general circulation of the air
masses), the fragmentation density and the depth of fragmentation (expressed by
relief energy), slopes’ tilting.
Thus, the slope orientation favors the ones exposed to the dominant western direction air masses, and implicitly in providing additional water from precipitation. In
the area of tributaries’ springs, the relief has high slopes that favor the rapid flow of
water and the development of some fluvial modeling processes, ranging from torrents
and ravines on the slopes to the strong erosion of the river bed.
Cris , ul Alb basin
The morphology of the Cris , ul Alb basin, as an integrant part of the Apuseni Mountains, is defined by the southern flanks of the Bihor Mountains (G˘ aina massif), the
western sector of Metaliferi Mountains, Brad and Halmagiu depressions and a part of
the southern slopes of the Codru-Moma Massif. The area associated with the G˘ aina