18
G. Romanescu et al.
2.1 Introduction
The rational water references in the context of sustainable development show major
importance concerning this topic, which was considered an inexhaustible resource
for a long time. Today, unfortunately, it has become a limitative factor in the socioeconomic development of all States, including of the economically developed ones. Has
water become a critical raw material? It appears that at the global level the answer
is yes. However, the issue of the local management also includes cases of proper
management: Norway, Finland, Canada, Russia, etc. The “lack” of water makes the
studies related to resources and quality extremely numerous at international level
[1–21] and national [22–52].
The European Community adopted on 23.10.2000 the 2000/60/EC Directive,
which instituted the communitarian water policy. We take into account the achieving
of a good biological and chemical status of natural waters (coastal ones included)
until the end of the year 2015. Romania has been making great efforts for the water—
an indispensable natural resource—to meet the standards imposed by the European
Community. The old mining exploitations, the big iron and steel and the chemical
factories continually polluted the water of most big rivers: Siret, Mures, Somes, Olt,
Dambovita, etc. Nowadays, the water resources in Romania mainly comprise surface waters (rivers, lakes, to which we add the Danube as a main, but transboundary
water artery) and they depend on the value of surface runoff. Unfortunately, the mean
multiannual discharge of all Romanian rivers (except the Danube) is 1200 m
3 /s. The
Danube has a mean multiannual discharge of 6450 m
3 /s, and it compensates for
the water deficit within the south of the country. Climate and landforms impose the
quantitative and qualitative value of water resources [53]. The temperate continental
climate of transition with excessive nuances, specific to Romania, makes the precipitations insufficient for around 60% of the Romanian territory: Oltenia, Muntenia,
Moldova, Dobrogea, Banat, etc. For the east of the country, the value of evapotranspiration is significantly higher than the average amount of precipitations. For this
reason, some hydrographical arteries dry out.
The European Union promotes legislative instruments for the protection and sustainable management of water resources. The Framework Directive 2000/60/EC that
defines the water as a heritage to be protected, treated and preserved represent the
most important instrument from this point of view. The Directive ensures the framework necessary for the sustainable water management, and it involves the quantitative
and qualitative water and aquatic ecosystem management. To achieve a “good status”
of waters, we must ensure equal environmental living standards for all the inhabitants
of Europe. The implementation instrument of the Framework Directive—regulated
through Article 13 and Annex VII—is represented by the Management Plan of the
Basin or the Hydrographical District. Based on knowing the status of bodies of water,
target objectives are determined for a period of six years and measures are proposed
for reaching a “good status” of waters [54].
The Framework Directive 2000/60/EC for the Danubian States outlined the elaboration of the Management Plan of the Danube Hydrographical District. The States
G. Romanescu et al.
2.1 Introduction
The rational water references in the context of sustainable development show major
importance concerning this topic, which was considered an inexhaustible resource
for a long time. Today, unfortunately, it has become a limitative factor in the socioeconomic development of all States, including of the economically developed ones. Has
water become a critical raw material? It appears that at the global level the answer
is yes. However, the issue of the local management also includes cases of proper
management: Norway, Finland, Canada, Russia, etc. The “lack” of water makes the
studies related to resources and quality extremely numerous at international level
[1–21] and national [22–52].
The European Community adopted on 23.10.2000 the 2000/60/EC Directive,
which instituted the communitarian water policy. We take into account the achieving
of a good biological and chemical status of natural waters (coastal ones included)
until the end of the year 2015. Romania has been making great efforts for the water—
an indispensable natural resource—to meet the standards imposed by the European
Community. The old mining exploitations, the big iron and steel and the chemical
factories continually polluted the water of most big rivers: Siret, Mures, Somes, Olt,
Dambovita, etc. Nowadays, the water resources in Romania mainly comprise surface waters (rivers, lakes, to which we add the Danube as a main, but transboundary
water artery) and they depend on the value of surface runoff. Unfortunately, the mean
multiannual discharge of all Romanian rivers (except the Danube) is 1200 m
3 /s. The
Danube has a mean multiannual discharge of 6450 m
3 /s, and it compensates for
the water deficit within the south of the country. Climate and landforms impose the
quantitative and qualitative value of water resources [53]. The temperate continental
climate of transition with excessive nuances, specific to Romania, makes the precipitations insufficient for around 60% of the Romanian territory: Oltenia, Muntenia,
Moldova, Dobrogea, Banat, etc. For the east of the country, the value of evapotranspiration is significantly higher than the average amount of precipitations. For this
reason, some hydrographical arteries dry out.
The European Union promotes legislative instruments for the protection and sustainable management of water resources. The Framework Directive 2000/60/EC that
defines the water as a heritage to be protected, treated and preserved represent the
most important instrument from this point of view. The Directive ensures the framework necessary for the sustainable water management, and it involves the quantitative
and qualitative water and aquatic ecosystem management. To achieve a “good status”
of waters, we must ensure equal environmental living standards for all the inhabitants
of Europe. The implementation instrument of the Framework Directive—regulated
through Article 13 and Annex VII—is represented by the Management Plan of the
Basin or the Hydrographical District. Based on knowing the status of bodies of water,
target objectives are determined for a period of six years and measures are proposed
for reaching a “good status” of waters [54].
The Framework Directive 2000/60/EC for the Danubian States outlined the elaboration of the Management Plan of the Danube Hydrographical District. The States