102
accelerating the volume of extraction (Vázquez 2014). The main purpose of this
salt was use in silver amalgamation, followed by animal feed. Salt production
complexes were preserved as a historical trace of the transformation of the
landscape, warehouses, salt factories, “norias,” and watercourses, as well as
communication routes (Vázquez 2014). Some operation sites are still active,
though on a smaller scale.
(c) Livestock-agriculture-hunting-collection. The introduction of small cattle in the
“altiplano” was made possible by the construction of traditional hydraulic engineering techniques of temporary water reservoirs (Ruiz 2014). A cyclical production system called “trashumancia” was implemented, consisting in an
extensive grazing system based on the mobility of herds between summer pastures, in lower altitude areas where there is also farming
2
and winter pastures in
areas of higher altitude (Mora 2012). In this way, soil compaction degree is
reduced, increasing its fertilization and contributing to biodiversity conservation and fire prevention (Mora 2011; UPA 2009). This activity is sustained
through the “peasant economy” based on family participation (Barrera et al.
2018), creating income through the commercialization of meat, milk, cheese,
and offering products for self-consumption, valuable in terms of food quality
(Grünwaldt et al. 2016). It also articulates rainfed agriculture, hunting, and harvesting (Maisterrena and Mora 2000). In some arid zones, these systems are
threatened by overgrazing (Guzmán 2004; Negrete-Sánchez et al. 2016), leading to desertification processes (soil degradation and loss of productive capacity) that are usually evident when is too late to stop them (Manzano et al. 2000).
Disruptive Technologies in High-Productivity Horticulture
Disruptive innovations do not seek to offer better products, but rather the introduction of products and services that, although not as effective as the existing ones, are
simpler, more convenient, and sometimes cheaper (Bower and Christensen 1995;
Smith 2003).
In the agricultural sector, disruptive technologies seek to maximize production
levels continuously, developing greater automation and mechanization of the process (Kelly et al. 2017). High-productivity horticulture, which consists of largescale production in smaller areas, generated large changes in agricultural production,
using improved procedures implemented in greenhouses (Roel 1998). These technologies have been disruptive to the market in which they are introduced and, in a
2 Is essential for these farming systems the use of adapted “criollo” seeds to water stress conditions
and rapid growth, as well as the design of plots to the optimization of rainwater and soil control
(Guzmán 2004).
L. Ortega and J. Morán
accelerating the volume of extraction (Vázquez 2014). The main purpose of this
salt was use in silver amalgamation, followed by animal feed. Salt production
complexes were preserved as a historical trace of the transformation of the
landscape, warehouses, salt factories, “norias,” and watercourses, as well as
communication routes (Vázquez 2014). Some operation sites are still active,
though on a smaller scale.
(c) Livestock-agriculture-hunting-collection. The introduction of small cattle in the
“altiplano” was made possible by the construction of traditional hydraulic engineering techniques of temporary water reservoirs (Ruiz 2014). A cyclical production system called “trashumancia” was implemented, consisting in an
extensive grazing system based on the mobility of herds between summer pastures, in lower altitude areas where there is also farming
2
and winter pastures in
areas of higher altitude (Mora 2012). In this way, soil compaction degree is
reduced, increasing its fertilization and contributing to biodiversity conservation and fire prevention (Mora 2011; UPA 2009). This activity is sustained
through the “peasant economy” based on family participation (Barrera et al.
2018), creating income through the commercialization of meat, milk, cheese,
and offering products for self-consumption, valuable in terms of food quality
(Grünwaldt et al. 2016). It also articulates rainfed agriculture, hunting, and harvesting (Maisterrena and Mora 2000). In some arid zones, these systems are
threatened by overgrazing (Guzmán 2004; Negrete-Sánchez et al. 2016), leading to desertification processes (soil degradation and loss of productive capacity) that are usually evident when is too late to stop them (Manzano et al. 2000).
Disruptive Technologies in High-Productivity Horticulture
Disruptive innovations do not seek to offer better products, but rather the introduction of products and services that, although not as effective as the existing ones, are
simpler, more convenient, and sometimes cheaper (Bower and Christensen 1995;
Smith 2003).
In the agricultural sector, disruptive technologies seek to maximize production
levels continuously, developing greater automation and mechanization of the process (Kelly et al. 2017). High-productivity horticulture, which consists of largescale production in smaller areas, generated large changes in agricultural production,
using improved procedures implemented in greenhouses (Roel 1998). These technologies have been disruptive to the market in which they are introduced and, in a
2 Is essential for these farming systems the use of adapted “criollo” seeds to water stress conditions
and rapid growth, as well as the design of plots to the optimization of rainwater and soil control
(Guzmán 2004).
L. Ortega and J. Morán