operated from April 2009 to March 2010. Mean concentrations of NH 3 , NO 2 , and
HNO 2 /HNO 3 at the two sites of NNDMN (7.0, 0.75, and 6.3 μg N m
À3 ) were
consistent with our study (7.6, 0.98, and 6.5 μg N m
3 ) but slightly larger in
particulate N (1.44 vs. 1.10 μg N m
À3 ; Fig. 12.3). However, in our study, gaseous
N and particulate inorganic N deposition (10.5 Æ 0.3 and 0.67 Æ 0.1 kg N
ha
À1 year
À1 ) were 44.7% and 46.0% lower than the mean values of the two sites
in NNDMN (19.0 Æ 0.7 and 1.2 Æ 0.6 kg N ha
À1 year
À1 ), respectively.
The large discrepancy is dominated by the difference in deposition velocities of
NO 2 and HNO 2 /HNO 3 (Fig. 12.4) and additionally due to the difference in concentration of particulate N (Fig. 12.3). For example, the mean value of V d for NO 2 in our
study (0.0049 Æ 0.00009 m s
À1 ) was much lower than that over vegetation (Xu et al.
2015) (0.18 Æ 0.08 m s
À1 ) due to a larger surface resistance (R c ) over water compared to land-use types (Zhang et al. 2003) but close to that over oceanic water
(Zhang et al. 2010) (0.0053 Æ 0.003 m s
À1 ). V d for HNO 2 /HNO 3 over Lake Dianchi
(0.39 Æ 0.27 m s
À1 ) was approximately two thirds of that over the coastal ocean but
only one quarter of that over vegetation (Xu et al. 2015) (Fig. 12.4). Additionally,
annual mean fluxes of NH 3 over Lake Dianchi in this study were greater than the
Fig. 12.2 Temporal variation of atmospheric deposition of N species in 2010–2011. (a) Annual
mean deposition fluxes of gaseous and particulate N and (b) biweekly mean deposition fluxes of
gaseous and particulate N and (c) annual mean fluxes of wet deposition and (d) biweekly mean
fluxes of wet deposition. Note: biweekly datasets of precipitation (gray bar) and air temperature
(black dot line) at Kunming meteorological station are available online at http://data.cma.cn/;
dataset of fertilizer application rate (N rate; gray bar) was compiled through a survey of 300 farmers
surrounding Lake Dianchi; all error bars for simulated flux are one SD. (This figure was adapted
from Zhan et al. (2017) with permission by the American Chemical Society)
272
F. Zhou et al.
HNO 2 /HNO 3 at the two sites of NNDMN (7.0, 0.75, and 6.3 μg N m
À3 ) were
consistent with our study (7.6, 0.98, and 6.5 μg N m
3 ) but slightly larger in
particulate N (1.44 vs. 1.10 μg N m
À3 ; Fig. 12.3). However, in our study, gaseous
N and particulate inorganic N deposition (10.5 Æ 0.3 and 0.67 Æ 0.1 kg N
ha
À1 year
À1 ) were 44.7% and 46.0% lower than the mean values of the two sites
in NNDMN (19.0 Æ 0.7 and 1.2 Æ 0.6 kg N ha
À1 year
À1 ), respectively.
The large discrepancy is dominated by the difference in deposition velocities of
NO 2 and HNO 2 /HNO 3 (Fig. 12.4) and additionally due to the difference in concentration of particulate N (Fig. 12.3). For example, the mean value of V d for NO 2 in our
study (0.0049 Æ 0.00009 m s
À1 ) was much lower than that over vegetation (Xu et al.
2015) (0.18 Æ 0.08 m s
À1 ) due to a larger surface resistance (R c ) over water compared to land-use types (Zhang et al. 2003) but close to that over oceanic water
(Zhang et al. 2010) (0.0053 Æ 0.003 m s
À1 ). V d for HNO 2 /HNO 3 over Lake Dianchi
(0.39 Æ 0.27 m s
À1 ) was approximately two thirds of that over the coastal ocean but
only one quarter of that over vegetation (Xu et al. 2015) (Fig. 12.4). Additionally,
annual mean fluxes of NH 3 over Lake Dianchi in this study were greater than the
Fig. 12.2 Temporal variation of atmospheric deposition of N species in 2010–2011. (a) Annual
mean deposition fluxes of gaseous and particulate N and (b) biweekly mean deposition fluxes of
gaseous and particulate N and (c) annual mean fluxes of wet deposition and (d) biweekly mean
fluxes of wet deposition. Note: biweekly datasets of precipitation (gray bar) and air temperature
(black dot line) at Kunming meteorological station are available online at http://data.cma.cn/;
dataset of fertilizer application rate (N rate; gray bar) was compiled through a survey of 300 farmers
surrounding Lake Dianchi; all error bars for simulated flux are one SD. (This figure was adapted
from Zhan et al. (2017) with permission by the American Chemical Society)
272
F. Zhou et al.