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data, containing information relating to particular themes identified in the research
information. The basic steps involved concept development, coding of data, analysis,
and interpretation. However, to aid the process, the QSR NVivo 8 computer software
was used to simplify the data analysis. For the quantitative data, the SPSS software data
program was used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data.
3 Results and Discussions
This section looks at the research findings based on the specific objectives of the study.
Firstly, this section explores the existing gender inequalities in land ownership as well
as those related to the social demographic characteristics of the people living in the
different rice production systems. Next it provides the community profile and livelihoods strategies employed. Lastly, this section presents findings which facilitate understanding of the existing gender inequalities and livelihood strategies which form the
basis for further understanding climate variability, as well as the risks and effects on
women and men in the area and how they differently respond and adapt to these effects.
3.1 Existing Gender Differences and Livelihood Strategies
Employed Within the Upland and Lowland Rice Farming
Systems
Land Ownership Under Upland and Lowland Rice Production Systems
Table 1 shows land ownership status of the various household members under
upland and lowland rice production systems.
Table 1 shows that the land area under lowland rice production is higher than that
under upland rice production indicated by 93% and 81% of the total land area,
respectively. However, 91% and 75% of the land under upland and lowland rice
production are owned by male spouses compared to 2% and 1% of the land under
upland and lowland rice production which are owned by the female spouses, significant at p = 0.001 < 0.01 and p = 0.004 < 0.01, respectively. Despite their significant
role in the agricultural sector (Ugandan women provide 70–80% of agricultural and
food production labor), only about 16% of Ugandan women own land in their own
right (Rugadya 2010). Their ownership of registered land is even lower at 7%
(Rugadya 2010; Bikaako and Ssenkumba 2003). There are no laws explicitly prohibiting women from owning land, but customary and inheritance laws make it
difficult for Ugandan women to own land (Adoko and Levine 2005). Land area coowned by spouses was more under upland rice production than it was for lowland
rice production. The findings indicate that sons and daughters do not own land
under the two rice production systems while the elderly household members under
the upland rice production system owned 10% of the land.
T. Akongo and C. Chonde
data, containing information relating to particular themes identified in the research
information. The basic steps involved concept development, coding of data, analysis,
and interpretation. However, to aid the process, the QSR NVivo 8 computer software
was used to simplify the data analysis. For the quantitative data, the SPSS software data
program was used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data.
3 Results and Discussions
This section looks at the research findings based on the specific objectives of the study.
Firstly, this section explores the existing gender inequalities in land ownership as well
as those related to the social demographic characteristics of the people living in the
different rice production systems. Next it provides the community profile and livelihoods strategies employed. Lastly, this section presents findings which facilitate understanding of the existing gender inequalities and livelihood strategies which form the
basis for further understanding climate variability, as well as the risks and effects on
women and men in the area and how they differently respond and adapt to these effects.
3.1 Existing Gender Differences and Livelihood Strategies
Employed Within the Upland and Lowland Rice Farming
Systems
Land Ownership Under Upland and Lowland Rice Production Systems
Table 1 shows land ownership status of the various household members under
upland and lowland rice production systems.
Table 1 shows that the land area under lowland rice production is higher than that
under upland rice production indicated by 93% and 81% of the total land area,
respectively. However, 91% and 75% of the land under upland and lowland rice
production are owned by male spouses compared to 2% and 1% of the land under
upland and lowland rice production which are owned by the female spouses, significant at p = 0.001 < 0.01 and p = 0.004 < 0.01, respectively. Despite their significant
role in the agricultural sector (Ugandan women provide 70–80% of agricultural and
food production labor), only about 16% of Ugandan women own land in their own
right (Rugadya 2010). Their ownership of registered land is even lower at 7%
(Rugadya 2010; Bikaako and Ssenkumba 2003). There are no laws explicitly prohibiting women from owning land, but customary and inheritance laws make it
difficult for Ugandan women to own land (Adoko and Levine 2005). Land area coowned by spouses was more under upland rice production than it was for lowland
rice production. The findings indicate that sons and daughters do not own land
under the two rice production systems while the elderly household members under
the upland rice production system owned 10% of the land.
T. Akongo and C. Chonde