487
Motaroki EM, Njeru EM, Koskey G, Maingi J (2018) Rhizobial inoculation methods affect the
nodulation and plant growth traits of host plant genotypes: a case study of Common bean
Phaseolus vulgaris L. germplasms cultivated by smallholder farmers in Eastern Kenya.
Advances in Agricultural. Science 6(3):77–94
Mothapo NV, Grossman JM, Sooksa-nguan T, Maul J, Bräuer SL, Shi W (2013) Cropping history affects nodulation and symbiotic efficiency of distinct hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.)
genotypes with resident soil rhizobia. Biol Fertil Soils 49(7):871–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00374-013-0781-y
Mwendwa P, Giliba RA (2012) Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Kenya.
Chin J Popul Resour and Environ 10(4):22–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2012.10
685104
Njeru EM (2018) Exploiting diversity to promote arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and crop productivity in organic farming systems. AIMS Agric Food 3(3):280–294
Njeru E, Avio L, Sbrana C, Turrini A, Bocci G, Bàrberi P, Giovannetti M (2013) First evidence for
a major cover crop effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic maize growth. Agron
Sustain Dev 34(4):841–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0197-y
Okalebo RJ, Gathua KW, Woomer PL (2002) Laboratory methods of soil and plant analysis: a
working manual, 2nd edn. TSBF-CIAT and Sacred Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
Oliveira JP, Galli-Terasawa LV, Enke CG, Cordeiro VK, Armstrong LCT, Hungria M (2010)
Genetic diversity of rhizobia in a Brazilian oxisol nodulating Mesoamerican and Andean
genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol
27(3):643–650
Ondieki DK, Nyaboga EN, Wagacha JM, Mwaura FB (2017) Morphological and genetic diversity
of rhizobia nodulating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) from agricultural soils of lower Eastern
Kenya. Int J Microbiol 2017(8684921):9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8684921
Onono PA, Wawire NWH, Ombuki C (2013) The response of maize production in Kenya to economic incentives. Int J Dev Sustain 2(2):530–543
Oruru MB, Njeru EM (2016) Upscaling arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and related agroecosystems services in smallholder farming systems. Biomed Res Int 2016:1–12. https://doi.
org/10.1155/2016/4376240
Oruru MB, Njeru EM, Pasquet R, Runo S (2018) Response of a wild-type and modern cowpea cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in sterilized and non-sterilized soil. J Plant
Nutr 48(1):90–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1381728
Otieno PE, Muthomi JW, Chemining’wa GN, Nderitu JH (2009) Effect of rhizobia inoculation,
farmyard manure, nitrogen fertilizer on nodulation and yield of food grain legumes. J Biol Sci
9:326–332
Philippot L, Raaijmakers JM, Lemanceau P, van der Putten WH (2013) Going back to the roots:
the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere. Nat Rev Microbiol 11(11):789–799. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nrmicro3109
Razaq M, Zhang P, Shen H, Salahuddin (2017) Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the
growth and root morphology of Acer mono. PLOS ONE 12(2):e0171321. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171321
Rondon MA, Lehmann J, Ramírez J, Hurtado M (2006) Biological nitrogen fixation by common
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions. Biol Fertil Soils 43(6):699–
708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-006-0152-z
Slattery J, Pearce P (2002) Development of elite inoculant Rhizobium strains in South Eastern
Australia. In: Herridge D (ed) Inoculants and Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes in Vietnam,
ACIAR Proceedings, pp 86–94
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhiza Symbioses. Elsevier, London
Ulzen J, Abaidoo RC, Mensah NE, Masso C, AbdelGadir AH (2016) Bradyrhizobium inoculants
enhance grain yields of soybean and cowpea in Northern Ghana. Front Plant Sci 7:1770. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01770
Exploiting Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis to Increase…
Motaroki EM, Njeru EM, Koskey G, Maingi J (2018) Rhizobial inoculation methods affect the
nodulation and plant growth traits of host plant genotypes: a case study of Common bean
Phaseolus vulgaris L. germplasms cultivated by smallholder farmers in Eastern Kenya.
Advances in Agricultural. Science 6(3):77–94
Mothapo NV, Grossman JM, Sooksa-nguan T, Maul J, Bräuer SL, Shi W (2013) Cropping history affects nodulation and symbiotic efficiency of distinct hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.)
genotypes with resident soil rhizobia. Biol Fertil Soils 49(7):871–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00374-013-0781-y
Mwendwa P, Giliba RA (2012) Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Kenya.
Chin J Popul Resour and Environ 10(4):22–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2012.10
685104
Njeru EM (2018) Exploiting diversity to promote arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and crop productivity in organic farming systems. AIMS Agric Food 3(3):280–294
Njeru E, Avio L, Sbrana C, Turrini A, Bocci G, Bàrberi P, Giovannetti M (2013) First evidence for
a major cover crop effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic maize growth. Agron
Sustain Dev 34(4):841–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0197-y
Okalebo RJ, Gathua KW, Woomer PL (2002) Laboratory methods of soil and plant analysis: a
working manual, 2nd edn. TSBF-CIAT and Sacred Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
Oliveira JP, Galli-Terasawa LV, Enke CG, Cordeiro VK, Armstrong LCT, Hungria M (2010)
Genetic diversity of rhizobia in a Brazilian oxisol nodulating Mesoamerican and Andean
genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol
27(3):643–650
Ondieki DK, Nyaboga EN, Wagacha JM, Mwaura FB (2017) Morphological and genetic diversity
of rhizobia nodulating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) from agricultural soils of lower Eastern
Kenya. Int J Microbiol 2017(8684921):9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8684921
Onono PA, Wawire NWH, Ombuki C (2013) The response of maize production in Kenya to economic incentives. Int J Dev Sustain 2(2):530–543
Oruru MB, Njeru EM (2016) Upscaling arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and related agroecosystems services in smallholder farming systems. Biomed Res Int 2016:1–12. https://doi.
org/10.1155/2016/4376240
Oruru MB, Njeru EM, Pasquet R, Runo S (2018) Response of a wild-type and modern cowpea cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in sterilized and non-sterilized soil. J Plant
Nutr 48(1):90–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1381728
Otieno PE, Muthomi JW, Chemining’wa GN, Nderitu JH (2009) Effect of rhizobia inoculation,
farmyard manure, nitrogen fertilizer on nodulation and yield of food grain legumes. J Biol Sci
9:326–332
Philippot L, Raaijmakers JM, Lemanceau P, van der Putten WH (2013) Going back to the roots:
the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere. Nat Rev Microbiol 11(11):789–799. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nrmicro3109
Razaq M, Zhang P, Shen H, Salahuddin (2017) Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the
growth and root morphology of Acer mono. PLOS ONE 12(2):e0171321. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171321
Rondon MA, Lehmann J, Ramírez J, Hurtado M (2006) Biological nitrogen fixation by common
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions. Biol Fertil Soils 43(6):699–
708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-006-0152-z
Slattery J, Pearce P (2002) Development of elite inoculant Rhizobium strains in South Eastern
Australia. In: Herridge D (ed) Inoculants and Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes in Vietnam,
ACIAR Proceedings, pp 86–94
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhiza Symbioses. Elsevier, London
Ulzen J, Abaidoo RC, Mensah NE, Masso C, AbdelGadir AH (2016) Bradyrhizobium inoculants
enhance grain yields of soybean and cowpea in Northern Ghana. Front Plant Sci 7:1770. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01770
Exploiting Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis to Increase…