238
Dohoo I, Martin S, Stryhn H (2009) Veterinary epidemiologic research, 2nd edn. VER
Chralottetwon, Prince Edward Island
Fernandez D, Berardinelli J, Short R, Adair R (1993) The time required for the presence of bulls
to alter the interval from parturition to resumption of ovarian activity and reproductive performance in first-calf suckled beef cows. Theriogenology 39(2):411–419
Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, Mottet A, Opio C, Dijkman J, Falcucci A, Tempio G (2013)
Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation
opportunities: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome, Italy
Groth H, May JF (2017) Africa’s population: in search of a demographic dividend. Springer,
Cham, Switzerland
ILCA (1990) Livestock systems research manual-Volume 1, ILCA working paper 1, International
Livestock Centre for Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 287 pp
Innes EA (2007) The host-parasite relationship in pregnant cattle infected with Neospora caninum.
Parasitology 134(13):1903–1910
Kanuya NL, Matiko MK, Kessy BM, Mgongo FO, Ropstad E, Reksen O (2006a) A study on
reproductive performance and related factors of zebu cows in pastoral herds in a semi-arid area
of Tanzania. Theriogenology 65(9):1859–1874
Kanuya NL, Matiko MK, Nkya R, Bittegeko SBP, Mgasa MN, Reksen O, Ropstad E (2006b)
Seasonal changes in nutritional status and reproductive performance of Zebu cows kept under a
traditional agro-pastoral system in Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 38(6):511–519
Kiwuwa GH, Trail JC, Yousef M, Worku G, Anderson FM, Durkin J (1983) Crossbred dairy cattle
productivity in Arsi region. Ethiopia, ILCA
Kundhlande G, Franzel S, Simpson B, Gausi E (2014) Farmer-to-farmer extension approach in
Malawi: a survey of organizations, ICRAF working paper
Madani T, Yakhlef H, Marie M (2008) Effect of age at first calving on lactation and reproduction
of dairy cows reared in semi-arid region of Algeria. Livest Res Rural Dev 20(6)
Mathew C, Stokstad M, Johansen T, Klevar S, Mdegela R, Mwamengele G, Michel P, Escobar L,
Fretin D, Godfroid J (2015) First isolation, identification, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 3 from dairy cattle in Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 11(1):156
Mathew C, Klevar S, Løken T, Mdegela R, Mwamengele G, Skjerve E, Godfroid J, Stokstad
M (2017) Reproductive infections in cattle in Tanzania – lessons for control priorities. SOJ
Microbiol Infect Dis 5(2):1–9
Matiko MK, Kanuya NL, Waldmann A, Ropstad E, Reksen O (2008) Environmental constrains on
post-partum ovarian activity in Tanzanian Zebu cows. Theriogenology 69(7):896–904
Mukasa-Mugerwa E (1989) A review of a reproductive performance of female Bos Indicus (zebu)
cattle, ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)
MZADD (2009) Livestock production annual report, (unpublished reprot, Department of Animal
Health and Livestock Development, Mzuzu)
Nandolo W, Gondwe T, Banda L (2015) Characterisation of breeding systems for Malawi Zebu
cattle in Mzimba District, Northern Malawi. Malawian J Agric Natl Res Dev Stud 1(1)
Rekwot P, Ogwu D, Oyedipe E (2000) Influence of bull biostimulation, season and parity on
resumption of ovarian activity of zebu (Bos indicus) cattle following parturition. Anim Reprod
Sci 63(1):1–11
Rekwot P, Akinpelumi O, Sekoni V, Eduvie L, Oyedipe E (2004) Effects of nutritional supplementation and exposure to bulls on resumption of post-partum ovarian activity in Bunaji
(Bos indicus) cattle. Vet J 167(1):67–71
Sekoni V (1994) Reproductive disorders caused by animal trypanosomiases: a review.
Theriogenology 42(4):557–570
Swai E, French N, Karimuribo E, Fitzpatrick J, Bryant M, Brown P, Ogden N (2005) Spatial and
management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania to tickborne pathogens. Int J Parasitol 35(10):1085–1096
Young J, Rast L, Suon S, Bush R, Henry L, Windsor P (2014) The impact of best practice health
and husbandry interventions on smallholder cattle productivity in southern Cambodia. Anim
Prod Sci 54(5):629–637
M. A. Bhatti et al.
Dohoo I, Martin S, Stryhn H (2009) Veterinary epidemiologic research, 2nd edn. VER
Chralottetwon, Prince Edward Island
Fernandez D, Berardinelli J, Short R, Adair R (1993) The time required for the presence of bulls
to alter the interval from parturition to resumption of ovarian activity and reproductive performance in first-calf suckled beef cows. Theriogenology 39(2):411–419
Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, Mottet A, Opio C, Dijkman J, Falcucci A, Tempio G (2013)
Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation
opportunities: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome, Italy
Groth H, May JF (2017) Africa’s population: in search of a demographic dividend. Springer,
Cham, Switzerland
ILCA (1990) Livestock systems research manual-Volume 1, ILCA working paper 1, International
Livestock Centre for Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 287 pp
Innes EA (2007) The host-parasite relationship in pregnant cattle infected with Neospora caninum.
Parasitology 134(13):1903–1910
Kanuya NL, Matiko MK, Kessy BM, Mgongo FO, Ropstad E, Reksen O (2006a) A study on
reproductive performance and related factors of zebu cows in pastoral herds in a semi-arid area
of Tanzania. Theriogenology 65(9):1859–1874
Kanuya NL, Matiko MK, Nkya R, Bittegeko SBP, Mgasa MN, Reksen O, Ropstad E (2006b)
Seasonal changes in nutritional status and reproductive performance of Zebu cows kept under a
traditional agro-pastoral system in Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 38(6):511–519
Kiwuwa GH, Trail JC, Yousef M, Worku G, Anderson FM, Durkin J (1983) Crossbred dairy cattle
productivity in Arsi region. Ethiopia, ILCA
Kundhlande G, Franzel S, Simpson B, Gausi E (2014) Farmer-to-farmer extension approach in
Malawi: a survey of organizations, ICRAF working paper
Madani T, Yakhlef H, Marie M (2008) Effect of age at first calving on lactation and reproduction
of dairy cows reared in semi-arid region of Algeria. Livest Res Rural Dev 20(6)
Mathew C, Stokstad M, Johansen T, Klevar S, Mdegela R, Mwamengele G, Michel P, Escobar L,
Fretin D, Godfroid J (2015) First isolation, identification, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 3 from dairy cattle in Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 11(1):156
Mathew C, Klevar S, Løken T, Mdegela R, Mwamengele G, Skjerve E, Godfroid J, Stokstad
M (2017) Reproductive infections in cattle in Tanzania – lessons for control priorities. SOJ
Microbiol Infect Dis 5(2):1–9
Matiko MK, Kanuya NL, Waldmann A, Ropstad E, Reksen O (2008) Environmental constrains on
post-partum ovarian activity in Tanzanian Zebu cows. Theriogenology 69(7):896–904
Mukasa-Mugerwa E (1989) A review of a reproductive performance of female Bos Indicus (zebu)
cattle, ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)
MZADD (2009) Livestock production annual report, (unpublished reprot, Department of Animal
Health and Livestock Development, Mzuzu)
Nandolo W, Gondwe T, Banda L (2015) Characterisation of breeding systems for Malawi Zebu
cattle in Mzimba District, Northern Malawi. Malawian J Agric Natl Res Dev Stud 1(1)
Rekwot P, Ogwu D, Oyedipe E (2000) Influence of bull biostimulation, season and parity on
resumption of ovarian activity of zebu (Bos indicus) cattle following parturition. Anim Reprod
Sci 63(1):1–11
Rekwot P, Akinpelumi O, Sekoni V, Eduvie L, Oyedipe E (2004) Effects of nutritional supplementation and exposure to bulls on resumption of post-partum ovarian activity in Bunaji
(Bos indicus) cattle. Vet J 167(1):67–71
Sekoni V (1994) Reproductive disorders caused by animal trypanosomiases: a review.
Theriogenology 42(4):557–570
Swai E, French N, Karimuribo E, Fitzpatrick J, Bryant M, Brown P, Ogden N (2005) Spatial and
management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania to tickborne pathogens. Int J Parasitol 35(10):1085–1096
Young J, Rast L, Suon S, Bush R, Henry L, Windsor P (2014) The impact of best practice health
and husbandry interventions on smallholder cattle productivity in southern Cambodia. Anim
Prod Sci 54(5):629–637
M. A. Bhatti et al.