224
(iv) Farmers should embrace fodder conservation like hay or silage for use during
dry periods when there is no pasture. Fodder preservation should be accompanied by strategic ration formulations and feeding system to meet animal nutrient requirements.
(v) Deliberate efforts should be made to construct strategically placed water
points for livestock (using solar power where possible), to ensure that livestock do not walk distances in search of water.
(vi) The community should be advised on the dangers of bushfires, with the aim of
stopping this practice henceforth.
(vii) Farmers should provide shed for their animals to reduce impacts of heat stress.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Norwegian Government-funded Capacity
Building for Managing Climate Change (CABMACC) Programme for providing financial support
to conduct this research study in Chikwawa, Malawi. The cooperation and support of cattle owners, extension workers and members of the Chikwawa Livestock Association to willingly participate in this research study are highly appreciated.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
Aydinalp C, Cresser MS (2008) The effects of global climate change on agriculture. Am Eurasian
J Agric Environ Sci 3(5):672–676
Bailey R, Froggatt A, Wellesley L (2014) Livestock–climate change’s forgotten sector. Global
Public Opinion on Meat and Dairy Consumption Chatham House. Available online at: https://
gastronomiaycia.republica.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/estudio_consumo_carne.pdf.
Accessed 10 July 2018
Bernabucci U (2019) Climate change: impact on livestock and how can we adapt. Anim Front
9(1):3–5
Bett B, Kiunga P, Gachohi J, Sindato C, Mbotha D, Robinson T, Lindahl J, Grace D (2017) Effects
of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases. Prev Vet Med
137:119–129
Chingala G, Mapiye C, Raffrenato E, Hoffman L, Dzama K (2017) Determinants of smallholder
farmers’ perceptions of impact of climate change on beef production in Malawi. Clim Chang
142(1–2):129–141
Coulibaly JY, Mbow C, Sileshi GW, Beedy T, Kundhlande G, Musau J (2015) Mapping vulnerability to climate change in Malawi: spatial and social differentiation in the Shire River Basin.
Am J Clim Chang 4(03):282
FAO (2010) ‘Climate-smart agriculture’: policies, practices and financing for food security, adaptation and mitigation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://
www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1881e/i1881e00.htm. Accessed 1 Mar 2019
Gaughan JB, Cawsell-Smith AJ (2015) Impact of climate change on livestock production and
reproduction. In: Sejian V, Gaughan J, Baumgard L, Prasad CS (eds) Climate change Impact
on livestock: adaptation and mitigation. Springer, New Delhi, pp 51–60
Grace D, Bett B, Lindahl J, Robinson T (2015) Climate and livestock disease: assessing the vulnerability of agricultural systems to livestock pests under climate change scenarios. CCAFS
Working Paper no. 116. Copenhagen, Denmark. CGIAR Research Program on Climate
J. Nanganga and A. C. L. Safalaoh
(iv) Farmers should embrace fodder conservation like hay or silage for use during
dry periods when there is no pasture. Fodder preservation should be accompanied by strategic ration formulations and feeding system to meet animal nutrient requirements.
(v) Deliberate efforts should be made to construct strategically placed water
points for livestock (using solar power where possible), to ensure that livestock do not walk distances in search of water.
(vi) The community should be advised on the dangers of bushfires, with the aim of
stopping this practice henceforth.
(vii) Farmers should provide shed for their animals to reduce impacts of heat stress.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Norwegian Government-funded Capacity
Building for Managing Climate Change (CABMACC) Programme for providing financial support
to conduct this research study in Chikwawa, Malawi. The cooperation and support of cattle owners, extension workers and members of the Chikwawa Livestock Association to willingly participate in this research study are highly appreciated.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
Aydinalp C, Cresser MS (2008) The effects of global climate change on agriculture. Am Eurasian
J Agric Environ Sci 3(5):672–676
Bailey R, Froggatt A, Wellesley L (2014) Livestock–climate change’s forgotten sector. Global
Public Opinion on Meat and Dairy Consumption Chatham House. Available online at: https://
gastronomiaycia.republica.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/estudio_consumo_carne.pdf.
Accessed 10 July 2018
Bernabucci U (2019) Climate change: impact on livestock and how can we adapt. Anim Front
9(1):3–5
Bett B, Kiunga P, Gachohi J, Sindato C, Mbotha D, Robinson T, Lindahl J, Grace D (2017) Effects
of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases. Prev Vet Med
137:119–129
Chingala G, Mapiye C, Raffrenato E, Hoffman L, Dzama K (2017) Determinants of smallholder
farmers’ perceptions of impact of climate change on beef production in Malawi. Clim Chang
142(1–2):129–141
Coulibaly JY, Mbow C, Sileshi GW, Beedy T, Kundhlande G, Musau J (2015) Mapping vulnerability to climate change in Malawi: spatial and social differentiation in the Shire River Basin.
Am J Clim Chang 4(03):282
FAO (2010) ‘Climate-smart agriculture’: policies, practices and financing for food security, adaptation and mitigation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://
www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1881e/i1881e00.htm. Accessed 1 Mar 2019
Gaughan JB, Cawsell-Smith AJ (2015) Impact of climate change on livestock production and
reproduction. In: Sejian V, Gaughan J, Baumgard L, Prasad CS (eds) Climate change Impact
on livestock: adaptation and mitigation. Springer, New Delhi, pp 51–60
Grace D, Bett B, Lindahl J, Robinson T (2015) Climate and livestock disease: assessing the vulnerability of agricultural systems to livestock pests under climate change scenarios. CCAFS
Working Paper no. 116. Copenhagen, Denmark. CGIAR Research Program on Climate
J. Nanganga and A. C. L. Safalaoh