197
Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In: Klute A (ed). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1.
Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd edn. SSSA Book Ser. 5.1. SSSA and ASA, Madison,
WI. pp 363–375
Borlaug NE (2000) Ending world hunger. The promise of biotechnology and the threat of antiscience zealotry. Plant Physiol 124:487–490
Brady NC, Weil R (2014) The nature and properties of soils, 14th edn. Pearson Education Limited.
Essex. 1046pp.
Bwana TN (2019) Assessment of environmental performance of smallholder organic and conventional cotton production systems in Meatu, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, Sokoine University of
Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
Cadena J, Cothren JT (1995) Yield response of cotton to nitrogen, irrigation, and PGR-IV regimes.
In: Proceedings of Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX. 4–7 Jan 1995. National
Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN, pp 1142–1150
Cavigelli MA, Hima BL, Hanson JC, Teasdale JR, Conklin AE, Lu YC (2009) Long-term economic performance of organic and conventional field crops in the mid-Atlantic region. Renew
Agr Food Syst 24:102–119
de Ponti T, Rijk B, van Ittersum MK (2012) The crop yield gap between organic and conventional
agriculture. Agric Syst 108:1–9
Day PR (1965) Particle fractionation and particle size analysis. In: Black CA, Evans DD, White
JL, Ensminger LE, Clark FE (eds) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 545–566
FAO (1998) Evaluating the potential contribution of organic agriculture to sustainability goals.
FAO’s technical contribution to IFOAM’s Scientific Conference, Mar del Plata, Argentina,
16–19 Nov 1998. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/ac116e/ac116e02.htm
Forster D, Andres C, Verma R, Zundel C, Messmer MM, Mäder P (2013) Yield and economic
performance of organic and conventional cotton-based farming systems–results from a field
trial in India. PLoS ONE 8(12):e81039
Gahukar RT (2013) Cow urine: a potential biopesticide. Indian J Entomol 75(3):212–216
Gold MV (2007) Organic production and organic food: information access tools. Alternative
Farming Systems Information Center. USDA National Agricultural Library (2007) Available
in: http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofp.shtml. 18 May 2015
Gomiero T, Pimentel D, Paoletti MG (2011) Environmental impact of different agricultural management practices: conventional vs. organic agriculture. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30(1–2):95–124
Gujar GT (1992) Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss) a natural insecticide: status and need for bioassay standards. Pestic Res J 4(2):69–79
Gupta MP (2005) Efficacy of neem in combination with cow urine against mustard aphid and its
effect on coccinellid predators. Nat Prod Rad 4(2):102–106
Hallikeri SS, Aladakatti YR, Patil BC, Patil SS (2007) Intercropping of cotton with vegetables
as the profitable cropping system under rainfed conditions of north Karnataka. University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka
Hengsdijk H, Langeveld JWA (2009) Yield trends and yield gap analysis of major crops in the
world. Wageningen University, the Netherlands, p 170
Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom
J 50(3):346–363
Hulihalli UK, Patil VC (2008) Yield and fiber quality of cotton as influenced by fertilizer levels and
organic manure. Ann Arid Zone 47(2):201–204
IFDC (2014) Report on consumption of fertilizers and fertilizer use by crop in Tanzania.
International Fertilizer Development Centre (IFDC), 23pp
IFOAM (2014) The potential contribution of organic agriculture to the realization of the objectives
of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) – a guide for
stakeholders. IFOAM, Bonn, Germany. 60 pp
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) World Reference Base for soil resources 2014. International
soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Update 2015.
World Soil Resources Report 106. FAO, Rome: 188 pp
Yield and Profitability of Cotton Grown Under Smallholder Organic and Conventional…
Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In: Klute A (ed). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1.
Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd edn. SSSA Book Ser. 5.1. SSSA and ASA, Madison,
WI. pp 363–375
Borlaug NE (2000) Ending world hunger. The promise of biotechnology and the threat of antiscience zealotry. Plant Physiol 124:487–490
Brady NC, Weil R (2014) The nature and properties of soils, 14th edn. Pearson Education Limited.
Essex. 1046pp.
Bwana TN (2019) Assessment of environmental performance of smallholder organic and conventional cotton production systems in Meatu, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, Sokoine University of
Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
Cadena J, Cothren JT (1995) Yield response of cotton to nitrogen, irrigation, and PGR-IV regimes.
In: Proceedings of Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX. 4–7 Jan 1995. National
Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN, pp 1142–1150
Cavigelli MA, Hima BL, Hanson JC, Teasdale JR, Conklin AE, Lu YC (2009) Long-term economic performance of organic and conventional field crops in the mid-Atlantic region. Renew
Agr Food Syst 24:102–119
de Ponti T, Rijk B, van Ittersum MK (2012) The crop yield gap between organic and conventional
agriculture. Agric Syst 108:1–9
Day PR (1965) Particle fractionation and particle size analysis. In: Black CA, Evans DD, White
JL, Ensminger LE, Clark FE (eds) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 545–566
FAO (1998) Evaluating the potential contribution of organic agriculture to sustainability goals.
FAO’s technical contribution to IFOAM’s Scientific Conference, Mar del Plata, Argentina,
16–19 Nov 1998. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/ac116e/ac116e02.htm
Forster D, Andres C, Verma R, Zundel C, Messmer MM, Mäder P (2013) Yield and economic
performance of organic and conventional cotton-based farming systems–results from a field
trial in India. PLoS ONE 8(12):e81039
Gahukar RT (2013) Cow urine: a potential biopesticide. Indian J Entomol 75(3):212–216
Gold MV (2007) Organic production and organic food: information access tools. Alternative
Farming Systems Information Center. USDA National Agricultural Library (2007) Available
in: http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofp.shtml. 18 May 2015
Gomiero T, Pimentel D, Paoletti MG (2011) Environmental impact of different agricultural management practices: conventional vs. organic agriculture. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30(1–2):95–124
Gujar GT (1992) Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss) a natural insecticide: status and need for bioassay standards. Pestic Res J 4(2):69–79
Gupta MP (2005) Efficacy of neem in combination with cow urine against mustard aphid and its
effect on coccinellid predators. Nat Prod Rad 4(2):102–106
Hallikeri SS, Aladakatti YR, Patil BC, Patil SS (2007) Intercropping of cotton with vegetables
as the profitable cropping system under rainfed conditions of north Karnataka. University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka
Hengsdijk H, Langeveld JWA (2009) Yield trends and yield gap analysis of major crops in the
world. Wageningen University, the Netherlands, p 170
Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom
J 50(3):346–363
Hulihalli UK, Patil VC (2008) Yield and fiber quality of cotton as influenced by fertilizer levels and
organic manure. Ann Arid Zone 47(2):201–204
IFDC (2014) Report on consumption of fertilizers and fertilizer use by crop in Tanzania.
International Fertilizer Development Centre (IFDC), 23pp
IFOAM (2014) The potential contribution of organic agriculture to the realization of the objectives
of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) – a guide for
stakeholders. IFOAM, Bonn, Germany. 60 pp
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) World Reference Base for soil resources 2014. International
soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Update 2015.
World Soil Resources Report 106. FAO, Rome: 188 pp
Yield and Profitability of Cotton Grown Under Smallholder Organic and Conventional…