273
of AC. The prepared AC-NS showed particle size ranging from
408.7 ± 12.9 to 423 ± 15.9 nm while zeta potential values varied
from 21.7 ± 0.90 to 22.7 ± 0.85 mV. The loading capacity varied
from 17.9 ± 1.21 to 34.1 ± 1.16%. DSC, FT–IR, and PXRD studies confirmed the complexation of AC with NS and amorphous
state of the drug in the complex. AC-NS displayed a biphasic
release pattern with increase in the dissolution rate of AC as compared to plain AC. Oral administration of AC-NS (1:4 w/w,
drug:NS) to rats led to 2.13-fold increase in the bioavailability as
compared to AC suspension. Pharmacodynamics studies in rats
with fatty liver revealed significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and increased level of beneficial
HDL-C along with improvement in the associated liver steatosis as
confirmed through photomicrographs of liver sections. Thus,
complexation is a viable approach for improving oral bioavailability
and in vivo performance of AC [101].
Calcium carbonate is most widely used as calcium source. It is
also used as an antacid, in the treatment of osteoporosis and in the
management of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure. The major
part of calcium absorbed is accumulated in the skeleton [102].
Hyperphosphatemia can be caused by hypoparathyroidism due to
the lack of parathyroid hormone inhibiting the renal reabsorption
of phosphate. Commercially available phosphate binders for the
treatment of hyperphosphatemia produce toxicity like bone disease
and aluminum dementia. Nanosponges acted as reservoirs for calcium carbonate. Enteric-coated controlled-release calcium carbonate nanosponges efficiently bound free phosphate ions and
consequently offered an alternative to treat hyperphosphatemia
[103].
Therapeutically relevant proteins such as antibodies, cytokines,
growth factors, and enzymes are playing an increasing role in the
treatment of viral, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. However,
the development and successful application of therapeutic proteins
are often limited by several drawbacks. The encapsulation of proteins within polymeric carriers can potentially overcome physiological barriers. It can control the release of actives to specific cells,
protect them against degradation, and ensure their transport
[104]. CDNSs have been used as carriers for biocatalysts, and in
the delivery and release of enzymes, proteins, vaccines, and antibodies [105, 106]. Polyamidoamine nanosponges (PAA-NS) have
been synthesized by cross-linking β-CD with either
2,2- bisacrylamidoacetic acid or polyamidoamine segments deriving from 2,2-bisacrylamidoacetic acid and 2-methylpiperazine.
The potential of PAA nanosponges were evaluated using bovine
serum albumin (BSA) as model molecule. BSA was successfully
incorporated in the two swellable PAA-NS and in vitro studies
showed that the BSA was released from the PAA-NS with
2.17 Cyclodextrin
Nanosponges
for Peptides
and Steroids
Drug-Encapsulated Cyclodextrin Nanosponges
of AC. The prepared AC-NS showed particle size ranging from
408.7 ± 12.9 to 423 ± 15.9 nm while zeta potential values varied
from 21.7 ± 0.90 to 22.7 ± 0.85 mV. The loading capacity varied
from 17.9 ± 1.21 to 34.1 ± 1.16%. DSC, FT–IR, and PXRD studies confirmed the complexation of AC with NS and amorphous
state of the drug in the complex. AC-NS displayed a biphasic
release pattern with increase in the dissolution rate of AC as compared to plain AC. Oral administration of AC-NS (1:4 w/w,
drug:NS) to rats led to 2.13-fold increase in the bioavailability as
compared to AC suspension. Pharmacodynamics studies in rats
with fatty liver revealed significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and increased level of beneficial
HDL-C along with improvement in the associated liver steatosis as
confirmed through photomicrographs of liver sections. Thus,
complexation is a viable approach for improving oral bioavailability
and in vivo performance of AC [101].
Calcium carbonate is most widely used as calcium source. It is
also used as an antacid, in the treatment of osteoporosis and in the
management of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure. The major
part of calcium absorbed is accumulated in the skeleton [102].
Hyperphosphatemia can be caused by hypoparathyroidism due to
the lack of parathyroid hormone inhibiting the renal reabsorption
of phosphate. Commercially available phosphate binders for the
treatment of hyperphosphatemia produce toxicity like bone disease
and aluminum dementia. Nanosponges acted as reservoirs for calcium carbonate. Enteric-coated controlled-release calcium carbonate nanosponges efficiently bound free phosphate ions and
consequently offered an alternative to treat hyperphosphatemia
[103].
Therapeutically relevant proteins such as antibodies, cytokines,
growth factors, and enzymes are playing an increasing role in the
treatment of viral, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. However,
the development and successful application of therapeutic proteins
are often limited by several drawbacks. The encapsulation of proteins within polymeric carriers can potentially overcome physiological barriers. It can control the release of actives to specific cells,
protect them against degradation, and ensure their transport
[104]. CDNSs have been used as carriers for biocatalysts, and in
the delivery and release of enzymes, proteins, vaccines, and antibodies [105, 106]. Polyamidoamine nanosponges (PAA-NS) have
been synthesized by cross-linking β-CD with either
2,2- bisacrylamidoacetic acid or polyamidoamine segments deriving from 2,2-bisacrylamidoacetic acid and 2-methylpiperazine.
The potential of PAA nanosponges were evaluated using bovine
serum albumin (BSA) as model molecule. BSA was successfully
incorporated in the two swellable PAA-NS and in vitro studies
showed that the BSA was released from the PAA-NS with
2.17 Cyclodextrin
Nanosponges
for Peptides
and Steroids
Drug-Encapsulated Cyclodextrin Nanosponges