374
K. Sung
3 Results
The following sub-sections first describe trends in publication, answering the questions on: (a) who have been publishing papers?; (b) when was the paper published?;
and (c) where was the paper published? (see Research Questions). They then present
the synthesis of the results on how upcycling concept/practice was utilised for what
reason, answering (d) to (f) questions. See Table 1 for the list of reviewed publications
and Table 2 for the summary of use of upcycling for and in higher education.
3.1 Who: Authors of the Publications
The authors (n = 21) of the publications were mostly professors (nine full professors,
three associate professors and three assistant professors). Three were researchers (one
Ph.D. student, one associate researcher and one senior research fellow). Others were
one coordinator (of sustainability and higher education), one educational developer
and one scientific programmes senior expert. The affiliations of most authors (n =
20) were universities; one exception was The Scientific and Technological Research
Council of Turkey. Within universities, the authors’ departments were business management (n = 6), design (4), multidisciplinary centres for sustainability (3), natural
science and engineering (3), education (2) or others (communication and psychology,
advanced studies).
3.2 When and Where: Years of Publication, Journals
and Geographical Locations of the Authors
All seven articles were published between 2014 and 2018. They were published in
journals related to design (n = 3; two fashion and one general design), education (2),
sustainability (1) and future (1). In terms of geographical locations of the authors, the
majority of the authors were based in Europe (n = 13) including Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Germany, Turkey and the UK. There were four authors from Middle East
(Iran), three authors from North America (USA) and one author from East Asia
(South Korea).
3.3 What and How: Use of Upcycling and Its Context
Upcycling was used as a concept (n = 5) and/or a practice (4) in the context of
higher education. When upcycling was used as a concept, three articles referred to
the seminal work by Braungart and McDonough (2002, 2013) advocating a cradle-
K. Sung
3 Results
The following sub-sections first describe trends in publication, answering the questions on: (a) who have been publishing papers?; (b) when was the paper published?;
and (c) where was the paper published? (see Research Questions). They then present
the synthesis of the results on how upcycling concept/practice was utilised for what
reason, answering (d) to (f) questions. See Table 1 for the list of reviewed publications
and Table 2 for the summary of use of upcycling for and in higher education.
3.1 Who: Authors of the Publications
The authors (n = 21) of the publications were mostly professors (nine full professors,
three associate professors and three assistant professors). Three were researchers (one
Ph.D. student, one associate researcher and one senior research fellow). Others were
one coordinator (of sustainability and higher education), one educational developer
and one scientific programmes senior expert. The affiliations of most authors (n =
20) were universities; one exception was The Scientific and Technological Research
Council of Turkey. Within universities, the authors’ departments were business management (n = 6), design (4), multidisciplinary centres for sustainability (3), natural
science and engineering (3), education (2) or others (communication and psychology,
advanced studies).
3.2 When and Where: Years of Publication, Journals
and Geographical Locations of the Authors
All seven articles were published between 2014 and 2018. They were published in
journals related to design (n = 3; two fashion and one general design), education (2),
sustainability (1) and future (1). In terms of geographical locations of the authors, the
majority of the authors were based in Europe (n = 13) including Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Germany, Turkey and the UK. There were four authors from Middle East
(Iran), three authors from North America (USA) and one author from East Asia
(South Korea).
3.3 What and How: Use of Upcycling and Its Context
Upcycling was used as a concept (n = 5) and/or a practice (4) in the context of
higher education. When upcycling was used as a concept, three articles referred to
the seminal work by Braungart and McDonough (2002, 2013) advocating a cradle-