270
W. T. Woo et al.
2017). The person vaccinated by Dengvaxia might develop a more severe form of
disease if that person had not been previously infected by dengue. This increased
risk of Dengvaxia has recently been acknowledged by the MOH and Sanofi Pasteur
in separate official statements in December 2017. The Malaysian MOH authority is
understandably very cautious about granting full registration to Dengvaxia. Instead
MOH has decided to confer only a conditional one-year registration for Dengvaxia,
pending further study by the vaccine developer Sanofi Pasteur. No Dengvaxia has
been sold nor used by Malaysian consumers. By contrast, the Philippines has conducted a massive vaccination program, with 780, 000 persons having been vaccinated
with Dengvaxia since 2016. The Philippine government has suspended further sales
of the vaccine and is contemplating legal procedure against Sanofi Pasteur.
4 SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation, aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all. This requires good management dedicated to improving water quality, to increasing water-use efficiency across all sectors,
and to restoring water-related ecosystem functions (Kadi 2016). To support SDG 6
by developing relevant skills and competences, the authors conducted research on a
small lake known as Sunway Lagoon (SL), located near the campus. Quarterly water
quality surveys and monthly water quality samplings were conducted. Water samples were collected from the lake at three water depths: surface (0.5 m), mid-depth
(3.5 m) and bottom (7.5 m). Water quality parameters sampled include temperature,
pH, BOD, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total coliform and E. coli. The lake is currently classified
as eutrophic, with high Chl-a concentration and low DO, indicative of water quality status of Class III (Koh 2017). The goal is to rehabilitate the lake water quality
to a level adequate as a source of usable water, after adequate treatments. This goal
would help increase water adequacy and enhance water security for the Sunway City.
SL is vulnerable to accumulation of nutrients and other pollutants originating from
the surrounding human settlements. Of concern is the high level of Chl-a recorded,
between 10 and 25 µg/L, indicating a highly eutrophic lake condition. In general,
an oligotrophic lake (clear water) should have Chl-a level below 2 µg/L (Teh et al.
2008); while a meso-eutrophic lake should have Chl-a between 2 and 9 µg/L. Levels
of Chl-a exceeding 9 µg/L is considered eutrophic and undesirable. Dissolved oxygen remains low. Seven aerators are currently in operation to provide additional DO
to the water to support fish and other aquatic animals. Lake sediment contains high
levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic contents. In support of the
aspirations of the UN SDGs, SL management has engaged the authors to improve
water quality in SL to fulfil SDG 6 goal of clean water and SDG 14: life under water.
The build-up of nutrients in the sediment layers could lead to nonlinear interaction
between the sediments and the water column. This phenomenon of self-reinforcing
feedback loop can intensify algae growth towards a bifurcation tipping point leading
W. T. Woo et al.
2017). The person vaccinated by Dengvaxia might develop a more severe form of
disease if that person had not been previously infected by dengue. This increased
risk of Dengvaxia has recently been acknowledged by the MOH and Sanofi Pasteur
in separate official statements in December 2017. The Malaysian MOH authority is
understandably very cautious about granting full registration to Dengvaxia. Instead
MOH has decided to confer only a conditional one-year registration for Dengvaxia,
pending further study by the vaccine developer Sanofi Pasteur. No Dengvaxia has
been sold nor used by Malaysian consumers. By contrast, the Philippines has conducted a massive vaccination program, with 780, 000 persons having been vaccinated
with Dengvaxia since 2016. The Philippine government has suspended further sales
of the vaccine and is contemplating legal procedure against Sanofi Pasteur.
4 SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation, aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all. This requires good management dedicated to improving water quality, to increasing water-use efficiency across all sectors,
and to restoring water-related ecosystem functions (Kadi 2016). To support SDG 6
by developing relevant skills and competences, the authors conducted research on a
small lake known as Sunway Lagoon (SL), located near the campus. Quarterly water
quality surveys and monthly water quality samplings were conducted. Water samples were collected from the lake at three water depths: surface (0.5 m), mid-depth
(3.5 m) and bottom (7.5 m). Water quality parameters sampled include temperature,
pH, BOD, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total coliform and E. coli. The lake is currently classified
as eutrophic, with high Chl-a concentration and low DO, indicative of water quality status of Class III (Koh 2017). The goal is to rehabilitate the lake water quality
to a level adequate as a source of usable water, after adequate treatments. This goal
would help increase water adequacy and enhance water security for the Sunway City.
SL is vulnerable to accumulation of nutrients and other pollutants originating from
the surrounding human settlements. Of concern is the high level of Chl-a recorded,
between 10 and 25 µg/L, indicating a highly eutrophic lake condition. In general,
an oligotrophic lake (clear water) should have Chl-a level below 2 µg/L (Teh et al.
2008); while a meso-eutrophic lake should have Chl-a between 2 and 9 µg/L. Levels
of Chl-a exceeding 9 µg/L is considered eutrophic and undesirable. Dissolved oxygen remains low. Seven aerators are currently in operation to provide additional DO
to the water to support fish and other aquatic animals. Lake sediment contains high
levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic contents. In support of the
aspirations of the UN SDGs, SL management has engaged the authors to improve
water quality in SL to fulfil SDG 6 goal of clean water and SDG 14: life under water.
The build-up of nutrients in the sediment layers could lead to nonlinear interaction
between the sediments and the water column. This phenomenon of self-reinforcing
feedback loop can intensify algae growth towards a bifurcation tipping point leading