60
R. M. Desu et al.
2.2 Distribution of Solid Waste in the Hospital
General solid waste constitutes 75–80% of hospital waste containing household or
municipal waste such as food, yard leaves, paper, grass, wood, glass, metal and
plastic glasses etc. and 20 to 25% is Biomedical waste having anatomical, soiled,
infectious plastics, microbiological, disposables, implants, chemical and sharps. The
3 R along with fourth Recovery principles and strategies can be implemented for
sustainable management of waste. Solid waste technologies should be introduced in
all municipalities for effective management (Joshi and Ahmed 2016).
3 Three Rs Concept
Waste management is first to reduce waste generation and separate potential recyclables at source to improve the quality of materials for reuse. Recycling is another
option after reducing and recycling. Wastes that cannot be recycled should be
recovered (World Bank 2005).
The policy that incorporates waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting
called “zero waste” which means zero disposals and zero warming from waste.
Indeed “zero waste” seems to be a difficult but not impossible task (Adedipe et al.
2005; Alhumoud and Alhumoud 2007).
4 The Methods of Recycling or Reuse
4.1 Landfill Gas-to-Energy Plants
A study conducted by United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) has shown
that green house gas emission from landfill can be significantly reduced by following
environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes (UNEP, 2008,
2010; Kumar et al. 2014).
Biological treatment of organic waste: Aerobic composting having high nutrient value, is humus (compost). Composting could be either labor-intensive or
mechanical. Introducing earthworms on semi-decomposed organic waste is another
method In Anaerobic digestion, stabilization occurs and biogas is liberated by the
conversion of organic matter. The biogas has 55–60% methane and it can be used as
fuel for power generation.
Incineration of Indian MSW is not suitable as the MSW has high organic constituents, moisture content or inert content in the waste in the range of 30–60% each
and calorific value in the range of 800–1100 kcal/kg in MSW (Jalan and Srivastava
1995; Joardar 2000; Kansal 2002; Sudhir et al. 1996).
R. M. Desu et al.
2.2 Distribution of Solid Waste in the Hospital
General solid waste constitutes 75–80% of hospital waste containing household or
municipal waste such as food, yard leaves, paper, grass, wood, glass, metal and
plastic glasses etc. and 20 to 25% is Biomedical waste having anatomical, soiled,
infectious plastics, microbiological, disposables, implants, chemical and sharps. The
3 R along with fourth Recovery principles and strategies can be implemented for
sustainable management of waste. Solid waste technologies should be introduced in
all municipalities for effective management (Joshi and Ahmed 2016).
3 Three Rs Concept
Waste management is first to reduce waste generation and separate potential recyclables at source to improve the quality of materials for reuse. Recycling is another
option after reducing and recycling. Wastes that cannot be recycled should be
recovered (World Bank 2005).
The policy that incorporates waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting
called “zero waste” which means zero disposals and zero warming from waste.
Indeed “zero waste” seems to be a difficult but not impossible task (Adedipe et al.
2005; Alhumoud and Alhumoud 2007).
4 The Methods of Recycling or Reuse
4.1 Landfill Gas-to-Energy Plants
A study conducted by United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) has shown
that green house gas emission from landfill can be significantly reduced by following
environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes (UNEP, 2008,
2010; Kumar et al. 2014).
Biological treatment of organic waste: Aerobic composting having high nutrient value, is humus (compost). Composting could be either labor-intensive or
mechanical. Introducing earthworms on semi-decomposed organic waste is another
method In Anaerobic digestion, stabilization occurs and biogas is liberated by the
conversion of organic matter. The biogas has 55–60% methane and it can be used as
fuel for power generation.
Incineration of Indian MSW is not suitable as the MSW has high organic constituents, moisture content or inert content in the waste in the range of 30–60% each
and calorific value in the range of 800–1100 kcal/kg in MSW (Jalan and Srivastava
1995; Joardar 2000; Kansal 2002; Sudhir et al. 1996).