296
enter the bivalves through the gills and other exchange surfaces (Wang and Hong
Kong University of Science and Technology 2009). The ability of mollusks to accumulate metals from the water they live in enables them to be used as a useful tool in
marine environmental research.
Lead, cadmium, and mercury are more toxic among heavy metals, even in traces.
Pollution from lead, cadmium and mercury poses a serious problem due to their
toxicity and ability to accumulate in biota (Nguyen et al. 2014).
5.4.1.1 Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium present in atmosphere, water, or food when exposed to human in low
concentration cause serious health problems and probably the death. Sources of
cadmium human exposures are fossil fuels, iron and steel production, cement nonferrous metals production, waste incineration, smoking, fertilizers, etc. Activities
like volcanic eruption, mining and use of phosphate fertilizers provides cadmium
exposures indirectly as toxin from earth crust (Sharma et al. 2016). It is used industrially in batteries, accumulators, coatings for protection of various metals against
corrosion, alloys, plastic as an endurance enhancer and industry (Landrigan 1982).
Cadmium, which is the element with the highest water solubility feature compared
to other heavy metals, is transmitted to plants and animals through air, soil, and
water, and to people with nutrients. For this reason, it has a high propagation rate in
nature; it is taken into biological systems by plant and sea creatures and has the
property of accumulation (Dalcorso et al. 2008). In marine environments, Cd normally occurs in lower concentrations than in open oceans water and in higher concentrations in coastal and estuarine environments due to the intensive industrial
discharge, port activity and mining activity in rivers distributed in the sediment,
particulate matter, water and marine organisms (Tamele and Loureiro 2020).
Differences in metal concentrations have been reported in bivalve mollusc species. In a study examining the metal concentrations of black mussels and oysters, it
was reported that the concentration of Class B type or borderline metals in oysters
was higher than mussels (Wang and Wong 2006). In a study examining cadmium
(Cd) concentration in various bivalve species, the highest concentration of Cd was
determined in scallops (Chlamys varia), while the lowest concentration was in
clams (Macoma balthica) (Pigeot et al. 2006). In a study which investigated the
behaviors of three bivalve species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Callista chione and
Venus verrucosa) taken from their natural environment and relatively polluted
marine environments, when they were transferred to clean sea water in the laboratory environment and then exposed to Cd concentrations, the highest Cd concentration was found in M. galloprovincialis (2.60 mg), followed by V. verrucosa (0.55 mg/
kg) and C. chione (0.31 mg/kg). Cd bioaccumulation behaviors of even different
tissues of M. galloprovincialis and C. chione have changed, the highest concentration was determined in the gills of these two species, followed by the body and the
mantle, respectively (Chalkiadaki et al. 2014). In another study investigating the
heavy metal concentrations of various bivalve species (Anadara granosa, Perna
5 Shellfish Safety
enter the bivalves through the gills and other exchange surfaces (Wang and Hong
Kong University of Science and Technology 2009). The ability of mollusks to accumulate metals from the water they live in enables them to be used as a useful tool in
marine environmental research.
Lead, cadmium, and mercury are more toxic among heavy metals, even in traces.
Pollution from lead, cadmium and mercury poses a serious problem due to their
toxicity and ability to accumulate in biota (Nguyen et al. 2014).
5.4.1.1 Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium present in atmosphere, water, or food when exposed to human in low
concentration cause serious health problems and probably the death. Sources of
cadmium human exposures are fossil fuels, iron and steel production, cement nonferrous metals production, waste incineration, smoking, fertilizers, etc. Activities
like volcanic eruption, mining and use of phosphate fertilizers provides cadmium
exposures indirectly as toxin from earth crust (Sharma et al. 2016). It is used industrially in batteries, accumulators, coatings for protection of various metals against
corrosion, alloys, plastic as an endurance enhancer and industry (Landrigan 1982).
Cadmium, which is the element with the highest water solubility feature compared
to other heavy metals, is transmitted to plants and animals through air, soil, and
water, and to people with nutrients. For this reason, it has a high propagation rate in
nature; it is taken into biological systems by plant and sea creatures and has the
property of accumulation (Dalcorso et al. 2008). In marine environments, Cd normally occurs in lower concentrations than in open oceans water and in higher concentrations in coastal and estuarine environments due to the intensive industrial
discharge, port activity and mining activity in rivers distributed in the sediment,
particulate matter, water and marine organisms (Tamele and Loureiro 2020).
Differences in metal concentrations have been reported in bivalve mollusc species. In a study examining the metal concentrations of black mussels and oysters, it
was reported that the concentration of Class B type or borderline metals in oysters
was higher than mussels (Wang and Wong 2006). In a study examining cadmium
(Cd) concentration in various bivalve species, the highest concentration of Cd was
determined in scallops (Chlamys varia), while the lowest concentration was in
clams (Macoma balthica) (Pigeot et al. 2006). In a study which investigated the
behaviors of three bivalve species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Callista chione and
Venus verrucosa) taken from their natural environment and relatively polluted
marine environments, when they were transferred to clean sea water in the laboratory environment and then exposed to Cd concentrations, the highest Cd concentration was found in M. galloprovincialis (2.60 mg), followed by V. verrucosa (0.55 mg/
kg) and C. chione (0.31 mg/kg). Cd bioaccumulation behaviors of even different
tissues of M. galloprovincialis and C. chione have changed, the highest concentration was determined in the gills of these two species, followed by the body and the
mantle, respectively (Chalkiadaki et al. 2014). In another study investigating the
heavy metal concentrations of various bivalve species (Anadara granosa, Perna
5 Shellfish Safety