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can, sulphated polysaccharides, sterols, phenolics, peptides, cerebrosides and lectins (Bordbar et al. 2011). These bioactive compounds are naturally produced by sea
cucumber as a defence against a competitive environment (Bhakuni and Rawat
2005). This type compounds are of interest in industrial applications such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional foods and in the development of new drugs (Venugopal 2009). In a study, a purified extract obtained from
Athyonidium chilensis (Holothuria) was characterized by chromatographic and
mass spectrometric techniques, and its bioactive potential was evaluated and two
saponins were detected (Sottorff et al. 2013). In a study in which the antimicrobial
effect of sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) was investigated, it was determined that
the sea cucumber extract contained bioactive compounds such as phenols, terpenoids and saponins, and the n-hexane fraction and methanol extract showed high
antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sukmiwati et al. 2020),
methanol extract from Stichopus variegates also inhibited Escherichia coli and
Aspergillus niger (Shakouri et al. 2017). In another study, it was determined that
saponins, terpenoids, and steroid compounds is found in Stichopus vastus extract
and these have antimicrobial activity (Sukmiwati et al. 2018). Protein hydrolysates
(Zou et al. 2016), Polysaccharides (Liu et al. 2012), polyphenols (Wu et al. 2014)
and Phospholipids (Husni et al. 2009) from sea cucumbers showed antioxidant
activities. Moreover, anti-coagulant and anti-thrombotic (Mou et al. 2017), antidiabetic (Hu et al. 2014), antiobesity (Xu et al. 2014) activities of sea cucumbers are
also reported (Tables 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3).
4.3.2 Live Transport and Storage of Sea Cucumbers
Compared to other shellfish, sea cucumbers are difficult to keep and transport live.
Because they do not have a protective exoskeleton and can autolyze when they are
stressed or removed from sea water (Gianasi et al. 2016). Sea cucumbers do not
have scales and a hard skeleton to protect them from various effects during their
storage.
In a previous study, five different media (seawater ice, freshwater ice, freshwater
ice + fish salt, and bagged freshwater ice) have been tried for live transport of
Cucumaria frondosa. Iced seawater was found the most effective for live storage of
C. frondosa, yielding 100% survival and largely intact body wall and muscles
(Gianasi et al. 2016). In that study, it was stated that the use of ice sea water minimizes direct contact between ice and body wall, preventing burns, and also that ice
sea water completely buffered the sea cucumbers against changes in environmental
conditions and prevented exposure to the air causing stress.
4.3 Sea Cucumbers
can, sulphated polysaccharides, sterols, phenolics, peptides, cerebrosides and lectins (Bordbar et al. 2011). These bioactive compounds are naturally produced by sea
cucumber as a defence against a competitive environment (Bhakuni and Rawat
2005). This type compounds are of interest in industrial applications such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional foods and in the development of new drugs (Venugopal 2009). In a study, a purified extract obtained from
Athyonidium chilensis (Holothuria) was characterized by chromatographic and
mass spectrometric techniques, and its bioactive potential was evaluated and two
saponins were detected (Sottorff et al. 2013). In a study in which the antimicrobial
effect of sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) was investigated, it was determined that
the sea cucumber extract contained bioactive compounds such as phenols, terpenoids and saponins, and the n-hexane fraction and methanol extract showed high
antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sukmiwati et al. 2020),
methanol extract from Stichopus variegates also inhibited Escherichia coli and
Aspergillus niger (Shakouri et al. 2017). In another study, it was determined that
saponins, terpenoids, and steroid compounds is found in Stichopus vastus extract
and these have antimicrobial activity (Sukmiwati et al. 2018). Protein hydrolysates
(Zou et al. 2016), Polysaccharides (Liu et al. 2012), polyphenols (Wu et al. 2014)
and Phospholipids (Husni et al. 2009) from sea cucumbers showed antioxidant
activities. Moreover, anti-coagulant and anti-thrombotic (Mou et al. 2017), antidiabetic (Hu et al. 2014), antiobesity (Xu et al. 2014) activities of sea cucumbers are
also reported (Tables 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3).
4.3.2 Live Transport and Storage of Sea Cucumbers
Compared to other shellfish, sea cucumbers are difficult to keep and transport live.
Because they do not have a protective exoskeleton and can autolyze when they are
stressed or removed from sea water (Gianasi et al. 2016). Sea cucumbers do not
have scales and a hard skeleton to protect them from various effects during their
storage.
In a previous study, five different media (seawater ice, freshwater ice, freshwater
ice + fish salt, and bagged freshwater ice) have been tried for live transport of
Cucumaria frondosa. Iced seawater was found the most effective for live storage of
C. frondosa, yielding 100% survival and largely intact body wall and muscles
(Gianasi et al. 2016). In that study, it was stated that the use of ice sea water minimizes direct contact between ice and body wall, preventing burns, and also that ice
sea water completely buffered the sea cucumbers against changes in environmental
conditions and prevented exposure to the air causing stress.
4.3 Sea Cucumbers