256
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)
P. lividus is distributed from the Mediterranean along the Northeast Atlantic coasts
and in shallow waters where it can generally reach high density. They have a wide
range of water temperatures in the winter season, in the range of 10–15 °C, and in
the summer, in the range of 18–28 °C. They prefer grounds with sandy, rocky and
sea meadows in sub littoral areas between 10 and 20 m depth. P. lividus are very
sensitive to low and high salinity values. Usually, deaths occur when they stay in the
salinity values of 0.15% and 0.39% for a long time (Boudouresque and
Verlaque 2007).
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller, 1776) (Green Sea Urchin)
The green sea urchin lives at a depth of 0–300 m, but is usually 0–50 m. They are
mainly found on hard surfaces like rocks and on cobbles. They are mainly found on
hard substrates like boulders and on cobble. They also occur on soft substrate, but
in exposed areas they are prone to be crushed by stones thrown around by turbulent
water, especially the smaller sea urchins. Sea urchins are often associated with
Laminaria kelp and can often destroy the kelp bed when the sea urchin biomass
reaches a critical point, and thus create a barren. The green sea urchin is an omnivore and feeds on algae, invertebrates, mussels, and other food sources it can scavenge. Food preference is a complex response to abiotic and biotic factors, such as
environmental causes and nutritional status (Sætra 2019).
Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816)
Growing up to a test diameter of about 18 cm, the red sea urchin is one of the largest
types of sea urchin in the world. It has a dark purple colour test and spine. Whether
it is rarely, the test or spine can be reddish or light purple. Since the length of the
vertebrae may be related to the habitat, sea urchins tend to have larger spines in
deeper, calmer waters (Jinadasa et al. 2016). Red sea urchins are found on the west
coast of North America. They range northward to Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska, and
along the Asiatic coast as far south as the southern tip of Hokkaido Island, Japan
(Kato and Schroeter 1985).
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857)
The purple sea urchin, usually occupy shallow waters, from the mid to low intertidal
zones to depths more than 50 m. They prefer rocky substrates, particularly ledges
and crevices, and avoid sand and mud.
4.2.1.6 Nutritional Composition of Sea Urchins
Sea urchin roe contains an assortment of nutrients. The nutritional composition of
sea urchins varies depending on their nutritional and reproductive status. Sea urchin
roe also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vitamins A, B 1 , B 2 , B 12 , nicotinic acid,
pantothenic acid, folic acid, and carotenes (Kato and Schroeter 1985).
The average moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents of
Stomopneustes variolaris samples obtained from three different stations were
4 Echinoderms
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)
P. lividus is distributed from the Mediterranean along the Northeast Atlantic coasts
and in shallow waters where it can generally reach high density. They have a wide
range of water temperatures in the winter season, in the range of 10–15 °C, and in
the summer, in the range of 18–28 °C. They prefer grounds with sandy, rocky and
sea meadows in sub littoral areas between 10 and 20 m depth. P. lividus are very
sensitive to low and high salinity values. Usually, deaths occur when they stay in the
salinity values of 0.15% and 0.39% for a long time (Boudouresque and
Verlaque 2007).
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller, 1776) (Green Sea Urchin)
The green sea urchin lives at a depth of 0–300 m, but is usually 0–50 m. They are
mainly found on hard surfaces like rocks and on cobbles. They are mainly found on
hard substrates like boulders and on cobble. They also occur on soft substrate, but
in exposed areas they are prone to be crushed by stones thrown around by turbulent
water, especially the smaller sea urchins. Sea urchins are often associated with
Laminaria kelp and can often destroy the kelp bed when the sea urchin biomass
reaches a critical point, and thus create a barren. The green sea urchin is an omnivore and feeds on algae, invertebrates, mussels, and other food sources it can scavenge. Food preference is a complex response to abiotic and biotic factors, such as
environmental causes and nutritional status (Sætra 2019).
Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816)
Growing up to a test diameter of about 18 cm, the red sea urchin is one of the largest
types of sea urchin in the world. It has a dark purple colour test and spine. Whether
it is rarely, the test or spine can be reddish or light purple. Since the length of the
vertebrae may be related to the habitat, sea urchins tend to have larger spines in
deeper, calmer waters (Jinadasa et al. 2016). Red sea urchins are found on the west
coast of North America. They range northward to Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska, and
along the Asiatic coast as far south as the southern tip of Hokkaido Island, Japan
(Kato and Schroeter 1985).
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857)
The purple sea urchin, usually occupy shallow waters, from the mid to low intertidal
zones to depths more than 50 m. They prefer rocky substrates, particularly ledges
and crevices, and avoid sand and mud.
4.2.1.6 Nutritional Composition of Sea Urchins
Sea urchin roe contains an assortment of nutrients. The nutritional composition of
sea urchins varies depending on their nutritional and reproductive status. Sea urchin
roe also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vitamins A, B 1 , B 2 , B 12 , nicotinic acid,
pantothenic acid, folic acid, and carotenes (Kato and Schroeter 1985).
The average moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents of
Stomopneustes variolaris samples obtained from three different stations were
4 Echinoderms