11
three Bacillus aryabhattai strains MDSR7, MDSR11, and MDSR14 (Ramesh et al.
2014). The accumulation of Zn in the shoot was observed to be 19.7, 17.7, or
23.5 μg/g with the respective strains, which was higher in comparison to the control
(14.0 μg/g). The accumulation of Zn was high in the root system in comparison to
the shoot (25.1, 23.5, and 29.0 μg/g, respectively). Rice plants inoculated with
Paenibacillus kribbensis, Bacillus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Microbacterium
spp. showed increase in plant physical parameters including length, growth, dry
biomass, and inhibition of fungal pathogens (Ji et al. 2014). Increased rice production has been recorded over the control upon the inoculation of rhizospheric diazotrophs in the semi-arid tropic grassland of India (Sarathambal et al. 2015). Apart
from the N 2 -fixing capability of diazotrophic isolates, synthesis and export of phytohormones may perform a key role in plant growth promotion and further increase
the production. Furthermore, the study also suggested that the field treatment with
Serratia sp. (CB2) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR3) enhanced the grain production by 31% and 28%, respectively, in comparison to fertilizer treatment with full
doses.
In soybean, Zn accumulation was higher than the control (31.9 μg/g) in the plants
inoculated with three Bacillus aryabhattai strains, MDSR7, MDSR11, and MDSR14
(39.2, 35.3, and 38.5 μg/g respectively) (Ramesh et al. 2014). There was a substantial increase in the nutritional quality (protein, prolamins, iron, and zinc) when
plants were inoculated with the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf4 and/or the
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) fungi. Iron and Zn content (36.9 and
42.8 g/100 g of grain) was higher than the control (26.3 and 33.5 g/100 g of grain)
in plants inoculated with only Pf4 strains. When inoculated singly with AMF, with
both Pf4 and AMF, the iron and zinc content was higher, 33.9 and 42.6 g/100 g of
grain and 34.0 and 39.5 g/100 g of grain, respectively. Maize plants showed higher
protein content (10.1 and 10.0 g/100 g of grain) after its inoculation with AMF separately or together with Pf4 strain as compared to the control (9.5 g/100 g of the
grain) (Berta et al. 2014).
2.5 Biocontrol Agents and Resistance Against Plant Diseases
The changing climate scenario and excessive mono-cropping practices have
increased pest and disease incidences in crop fields (Dubey et al. 2016a). For managing diseases effectively, biocontrol agents could be a sustainable solution. In the
line of this, Simplicillium lamellicola has shown effectiveness in controlling various
diseases such as late blight, leaf rust, and powdery mildew in tomato, wheat, and
barley, respectively. This biocontrol fungus produces antibacterial compounds such
as halymecin F, halymecin G, and (3R,5R)3-O-β-d mannosyl-3-5 dihdroxydecanoic
acid, commonly called mannosyl lipids, and a mycoparasite commonly called verlamelin (Dang et al. 2014). Furthermore, rice brown sheath rot disease caused by
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae is controlled by the rhizobacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bk7, which has 93% pathogen suppression efficacy. B. amyloliquefaciens
2.5 Biocontrol Agents and Resistance Against Plant Diseases
three Bacillus aryabhattai strains MDSR7, MDSR11, and MDSR14 (Ramesh et al.
2014). The accumulation of Zn in the shoot was observed to be 19.7, 17.7, or
23.5 μg/g with the respective strains, which was higher in comparison to the control
(14.0 μg/g). The accumulation of Zn was high in the root system in comparison to
the shoot (25.1, 23.5, and 29.0 μg/g, respectively). Rice plants inoculated with
Paenibacillus kribbensis, Bacillus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Microbacterium
spp. showed increase in plant physical parameters including length, growth, dry
biomass, and inhibition of fungal pathogens (Ji et al. 2014). Increased rice production has been recorded over the control upon the inoculation of rhizospheric diazotrophs in the semi-arid tropic grassland of India (Sarathambal et al. 2015). Apart
from the N 2 -fixing capability of diazotrophic isolates, synthesis and export of phytohormones may perform a key role in plant growth promotion and further increase
the production. Furthermore, the study also suggested that the field treatment with
Serratia sp. (CB2) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR3) enhanced the grain production by 31% and 28%, respectively, in comparison to fertilizer treatment with full
doses.
In soybean, Zn accumulation was higher than the control (31.9 μg/g) in the plants
inoculated with three Bacillus aryabhattai strains, MDSR7, MDSR11, and MDSR14
(39.2, 35.3, and 38.5 μg/g respectively) (Ramesh et al. 2014). There was a substantial increase in the nutritional quality (protein, prolamins, iron, and zinc) when
plants were inoculated with the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf4 and/or the
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) fungi. Iron and Zn content (36.9 and
42.8 g/100 g of grain) was higher than the control (26.3 and 33.5 g/100 g of grain)
in plants inoculated with only Pf4 strains. When inoculated singly with AMF, with
both Pf4 and AMF, the iron and zinc content was higher, 33.9 and 42.6 g/100 g of
grain and 34.0 and 39.5 g/100 g of grain, respectively. Maize plants showed higher
protein content (10.1 and 10.0 g/100 g of grain) after its inoculation with AMF separately or together with Pf4 strain as compared to the control (9.5 g/100 g of the
grain) (Berta et al. 2014).
2.5 Biocontrol Agents and Resistance Against Plant Diseases
The changing climate scenario and excessive mono-cropping practices have
increased pest and disease incidences in crop fields (Dubey et al. 2016a). For managing diseases effectively, biocontrol agents could be a sustainable solution. In the
line of this, Simplicillium lamellicola has shown effectiveness in controlling various
diseases such as late blight, leaf rust, and powdery mildew in tomato, wheat, and
barley, respectively. This biocontrol fungus produces antibacterial compounds such
as halymecin F, halymecin G, and (3R,5R)3-O-β-d mannosyl-3-5 dihdroxydecanoic
acid, commonly called mannosyl lipids, and a mycoparasite commonly called verlamelin (Dang et al. 2014). Furthermore, rice brown sheath rot disease caused by
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae is controlled by the rhizobacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bk7, which has 93% pathogen suppression efficacy. B. amyloliquefaciens
2.5 Biocontrol Agents and Resistance Against Plant Diseases