Sarah Farrukh
School of Chemical and Materials
Engineering
National University of Sciences and
Technology
Islamabad, Pakistan
Kiran Mustafa
Department of Chemistry
The Women University Multan
Multan, Pakistan
Higher Education Department
Punjab
Pakistan
Muhammad Ayoub
Department of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Perak, Malaysia
Xianfeng Fan
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, UK
Arshad Hussain
Department of Chemical Engineering
National University of Sciences and
Technology
Islamabad, Pakistan
Mohammad Younas
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan
ISSN 1865-3529
ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy and Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-60401-1
ISBN 978-3-030-60402-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60402-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
School of Chemical and Materials
Engineering
National University of Sciences and
Technology
Islamabad, Pakistan
Kiran Mustafa
Department of Chemistry
The Women University Multan
Multan, Pakistan
Higher Education Department
Punjab
Pakistan
Muhammad Ayoub
Department of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Perak, Malaysia
Xianfeng Fan
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, UK
Arshad Hussain
Department of Chemical Engineering
National University of Sciences and
Technology
Islamabad, Pakistan
Mohammad Younas
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan
ISSN 1865-3529
ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy and Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-60401-1
ISBN 978-3-030-60402-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60402-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland