30
3 Fossil Hydrocarbon Decarbonization and Nanotechnology
hydrogen as the major component). The improvement in the ability of the nanoparticles was achieved by crystal transformation of Pt/silicalite-1 zeolite. Parent silicalite1 zeolite was synthesized by stirring together the tetrapropylammonium hydroxide,
tetraethyl orthosilicate, and water at 80 °C. The product thus obtained was later
autoclaved. Metal nanoparticles supported on the silicalite-1 zeolite surface were
then prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation. This was achieved by making the
solution of H 2 PtCl 6 · 6H 2 O in DI water. This solution was then added to the vacuum
dried prepared silicalite-1 zeolite. The hollow Pt/silicalite-1 zeolite was prepared by
adding Tetra-n-propylammonium hydroxide in product followed by ultrasonication
and autoclave placement at 170 °C. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized with XRD, H 2 -TPR, SEM, N 2 /Ar adsorption–desorption, CO adsorption, TGA,
TEM, and ICP. The improved nanoparticles showed remarkable conversion of CH 4
with significant reduction in the diffusion path of the chemical reaction [10].
In a study, production of hydrogen by the partial oxidation of methanol has been
reported by using the Au nanoparticles maintained on the metal oxides. H 2 and
CO 2 were obtained as the major product of the reaction, whereas CO as minor
product and H 2 O as the by-product in sufficient quantity. Metal oxides like Fe 2 O 3 –
MO x were used where M can be Al, Zn, or Zr. The catalysts were synthesized in
two steps. The first step involves the formation of composite oxide supports by
impregnation of the Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , or ZnO support on the aqueous solution of Fe
(NO 3 ) 3 · 9H 2 O. Later on, Au was dispersed on the fabricated support materials by
deposition–precipitation process. The catalytic activity was shown by Au/Fe 2 O 3 -
Al 2 O 3 (conversion: 100%, H 2 selectivity: 48%), whereas the minimum activity was
shown by Au/Fe 2 O 3 - ZrO 2 . Al 2 O 3 was found to be responsible in preventing the Au
nanoparticles against sintering through calcination as verified from TEM analysis.
With the increase in calcination temperature the concentration of the metallic Au in
the catalyst increases. The pretreatment of the catalyst was also found to have effect
on its activity, for instance, un-calcined Au/Fe 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 depicted greater selectivity
for H 2 , whereas the calcined Au/Fe 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 has shown poor performance in this
regard. The synthesized catalysts were analyzed with XPS, XRD, TGA, and TEM
[11].
One of the major problems faced during partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
for hydrogen generation is carbon deposition and catalyst deactivation because
of sintering. A bimetallic nanocatalyst Ni-Mo immobilised on ceria-zerconia was
prepared by Bkour et al. and used for the partial oxidation of isooctane. These catalysts are found to cope with the problems of carbon deposition and deactivation. The
catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation process. They were employed as proficient
catalyst for partially oxidizing isooctane. The prepared material was used to form a bilayer anode for micro-reforming on a traditional solid oxide fuel cell. The bimetallic
catalysts were characterized with TCD, TEM, XRD, TPR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The introduction of Mo in the catalysts increases the conversion of the substrate to syngas,
along with increase in stability and dispersion of Ni catalysts. Carbon tolerance of
the Ni was also found to be increased with increased concentration of Mo. These
3 Fossil Hydrocarbon Decarbonization and Nanotechnology
hydrogen as the major component). The improvement in the ability of the nanoparticles was achieved by crystal transformation of Pt/silicalite-1 zeolite. Parent silicalite1 zeolite was synthesized by stirring together the tetrapropylammonium hydroxide,
tetraethyl orthosilicate, and water at 80 °C. The product thus obtained was later
autoclaved. Metal nanoparticles supported on the silicalite-1 zeolite surface were
then prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation. This was achieved by making the
solution of H 2 PtCl 6 · 6H 2 O in DI water. This solution was then added to the vacuum
dried prepared silicalite-1 zeolite. The hollow Pt/silicalite-1 zeolite was prepared by
adding Tetra-n-propylammonium hydroxide in product followed by ultrasonication
and autoclave placement at 170 °C. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized with XRD, H 2 -TPR, SEM, N 2 /Ar adsorption–desorption, CO adsorption, TGA,
TEM, and ICP. The improved nanoparticles showed remarkable conversion of CH 4
with significant reduction in the diffusion path of the chemical reaction [10].
In a study, production of hydrogen by the partial oxidation of methanol has been
reported by using the Au nanoparticles maintained on the metal oxides. H 2 and
CO 2 were obtained as the major product of the reaction, whereas CO as minor
product and H 2 O as the by-product in sufficient quantity. Metal oxides like Fe 2 O 3 –
MO x were used where M can be Al, Zn, or Zr. The catalysts were synthesized in
two steps. The first step involves the formation of composite oxide supports by
impregnation of the Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , or ZnO support on the aqueous solution of Fe
(NO 3 ) 3 · 9H 2 O. Later on, Au was dispersed on the fabricated support materials by
deposition–precipitation process. The catalytic activity was shown by Au/Fe 2 O 3 -
Al 2 O 3 (conversion: 100%, H 2 selectivity: 48%), whereas the minimum activity was
shown by Au/Fe 2 O 3 - ZrO 2 . Al 2 O 3 was found to be responsible in preventing the Au
nanoparticles against sintering through calcination as verified from TEM analysis.
With the increase in calcination temperature the concentration of the metallic Au in
the catalyst increases. The pretreatment of the catalyst was also found to have effect
on its activity, for instance, un-calcined Au/Fe 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 depicted greater selectivity
for H 2 , whereas the calcined Au/Fe 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 has shown poor performance in this
regard. The synthesized catalysts were analyzed with XPS, XRD, TGA, and TEM
[11].
One of the major problems faced during partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
for hydrogen generation is carbon deposition and catalyst deactivation because
of sintering. A bimetallic nanocatalyst Ni-Mo immobilised on ceria-zerconia was
prepared by Bkour et al. and used for the partial oxidation of isooctane. These catalysts are found to cope with the problems of carbon deposition and deactivation. The
catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation process. They were employed as proficient
catalyst for partially oxidizing isooctane. The prepared material was used to form a bilayer anode for micro-reforming on a traditional solid oxide fuel cell. The bimetallic
catalysts were characterized with TCD, TEM, XRD, TPR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The introduction of Mo in the catalysts increases the conversion of the substrate to syngas,
along with increase in stability and dispersion of Ni catalysts. Carbon tolerance of
the Ni was also found to be increased with increased concentration of Mo. These