368
Answers to the Quickies
is formed in which the textiles or threads
are immersed. The reddish-purple color
only forms when dried in the air under the
influence of sunlight. This form of dyeing is called “vat dyeing”. Tyrian purple is
6,6′-dibromoindigo.
4. Dyer’s madder originates from the Near East
and the Eastern Mediterranean. From there,
it came to Western Europe in the Middle
Ages and was cultivated in France until the
nineteenth century.
5. Alizarin is 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone,
which can be produced from anthracene via
the intermediate anthraquinone. It is a mordant dye, i.e. trivalent metal ions are applied
to the fiber, forming a stable complex with
the alizarin.
6. Indigo is obtained from the indicancontaining leaves of the indigo plant, which
originates from India. The leaves and stems
are stamped with water to a pulp, which is
fermented in clay pits. Oxygen is introduced
into the solution for hours, oxidizing the
indican to water-soluble indoxyl. This then
dimerizes to water-insoluble indigo.
7. Indigo is still used for dyeing blue jeans.
8. By evaporation of urine from Indian cows
fed with mango leaves. This method is forbidden today for animal welfare reasons.
9. Further classes of dyestuffs include flavones,
flavonoids, naphthoquinones, alkaloids,
corticoids, anthocyanins and chlorophyll
derivatives.
10. Umbra, English red, ocher, terra di Siena,
ultramarine, chalk and silicic acid.
Answers to 7 Chap. 16
1. The “Ebers-Papyrus” is a collection of
natural medicines known in Egypt in 1550
BC. Most of these approx. 700 listed active
substances are of plant origin.
2. Statistically, more than 10,000 new compounds have to be tested today before a new
active ingredient can be launched on the
market. This requires a great deal of research
and development, which costs over 500
million US dollars.
3. Rudolf Schmitt used carbon dioxide under
pressure (4–6 bars) and at temperatures just
below 140 °C.
4. The coffee shrub originates from Ethiopia. Its seeds, the coffee beans, contain the
alkaloid caffeine, which can be isolated by
extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.
5. The Jesuits who were missionaries in South
America in the seventeenth century recognized the antipyretic effect of the powdered
bark and therefore propagated it also in
Europe to combat malaria. The active ingredient in the bark of the cinchona bark tree is
the alkaloid quinine.
6. Morphine is analgesic and calming, even
for chronic and/or very severe pain. It also
causes a state of intoxication. It is only
applied in particularly severe diseases
because it leads to addiction.
7. Alexander Fleming is regarded as the discoverer of penicillins. During his vacation in
the summer of 1928, he accidentally left an
agar plate inoculated with staphylococcus in
the laboratory. After his holiday, he discovered that a mold had accidentally settled
on the agar plate, which had prevented the
bacteria from growing. He called this mold
Penicillium notatum.
8. Both antibiotics belong to the group of
β-lactams, i.e. they are four-membered
rings with an amide group. In penicillins,
the four-membered lactam ring is linked to
a five-membered sulfurous ring; in cephalosporins, this is a six-membered sulfurous
ring. Both antibiotics contain substituents
on the skeleton which can be varied in many
ways. The exact basic structures can be
found in . Fig. 16.14.
9. Steroids have a sterane backbone, i.e. they
are cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrenes.
The three six-membered rings are designated A to C, the five-membered ring with
D. The C-atoms are numbered from 1 to 17
(. Fig. 16.15).
10. The estrogens, e.g. the most effective
estrogen 17β-oestradiol, belong to the
female sex hormones. Their A-ring is always
aromatic.
Answers to the Quickies
is formed in which the textiles or threads
are immersed. The reddish-purple color
only forms when dried in the air under the
influence of sunlight. This form of dyeing is called “vat dyeing”. Tyrian purple is
6,6′-dibromoindigo.
4. Dyer’s madder originates from the Near East
and the Eastern Mediterranean. From there,
it came to Western Europe in the Middle
Ages and was cultivated in France until the
nineteenth century.
5. Alizarin is 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone,
which can be produced from anthracene via
the intermediate anthraquinone. It is a mordant dye, i.e. trivalent metal ions are applied
to the fiber, forming a stable complex with
the alizarin.
6. Indigo is obtained from the indicancontaining leaves of the indigo plant, which
originates from India. The leaves and stems
are stamped with water to a pulp, which is
fermented in clay pits. Oxygen is introduced
into the solution for hours, oxidizing the
indican to water-soluble indoxyl. This then
dimerizes to water-insoluble indigo.
7. Indigo is still used for dyeing blue jeans.
8. By evaporation of urine from Indian cows
fed with mango leaves. This method is forbidden today for animal welfare reasons.
9. Further classes of dyestuffs include flavones,
flavonoids, naphthoquinones, alkaloids,
corticoids, anthocyanins and chlorophyll
derivatives.
10. Umbra, English red, ocher, terra di Siena,
ultramarine, chalk and silicic acid.
Answers to 7 Chap. 16
1. The “Ebers-Papyrus” is a collection of
natural medicines known in Egypt in 1550
BC. Most of these approx. 700 listed active
substances are of plant origin.
2. Statistically, more than 10,000 new compounds have to be tested today before a new
active ingredient can be launched on the
market. This requires a great deal of research
and development, which costs over 500
million US dollars.
3. Rudolf Schmitt used carbon dioxide under
pressure (4–6 bars) and at temperatures just
below 140 °C.
4. The coffee shrub originates from Ethiopia. Its seeds, the coffee beans, contain the
alkaloid caffeine, which can be isolated by
extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.
5. The Jesuits who were missionaries in South
America in the seventeenth century recognized the antipyretic effect of the powdered
bark and therefore propagated it also in
Europe to combat malaria. The active ingredient in the bark of the cinchona bark tree is
the alkaloid quinine.
6. Morphine is analgesic and calming, even
for chronic and/or very severe pain. It also
causes a state of intoxication. It is only
applied in particularly severe diseases
because it leads to addiction.
7. Alexander Fleming is regarded as the discoverer of penicillins. During his vacation in
the summer of 1928, he accidentally left an
agar plate inoculated with staphylococcus in
the laboratory. After his holiday, he discovered that a mold had accidentally settled
on the agar plate, which had prevented the
bacteria from growing. He called this mold
Penicillium notatum.
8. Both antibiotics belong to the group of
β-lactams, i.e. they are four-membered
rings with an amide group. In penicillins,
the four-membered lactam ring is linked to
a five-membered sulfurous ring; in cephalosporins, this is a six-membered sulfurous
ring. Both antibiotics contain substituents
on the skeleton which can be varied in many
ways. The exact basic structures can be
found in . Fig. 16.14.
9. Steroids have a sterane backbone, i.e. they
are cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrenes.
The three six-membered rings are designated A to C, the five-membered ring with
D. The C-atoms are numbered from 1 to 17
(. Fig. 16.15).
10. The estrogens, e.g. the most effective
estrogen 17β-oestradiol, belong to the
female sex hormones. Their A-ring is always
aromatic.