358
Answers to the Quickies
Answers to the Quickies
Answers to the Quickies in the Foreword
1. Lignin and cellulose
2. Lignin and cellulose
3. We need to have enough land area to grow
food so we can’t just turn over land to make
chemical feedstocks
4. Terpenes, natural rubber
5. Lignin, cashew nut shell liquid
6. 7 Section 4.2.2
7. This is a very attractive idea since
Fischer-Tropsch chemistry works using
CO 2 as the feedstock. The main problem is
that, although we have too much CO 2 in the
atmosphere, leading to global warming, it is
still at a low concentration (400 ppm) so it
is very difficult to harvest it at scale. Small
scale use of this technology at sites where
CO 2 is produced in large quantities at high
concentration (usually from burning fossil
fuels) could be worth developing but, if we
are successful in phasing out fossil fuels,
this is unlikely to be a long term solution
until we can capture atmospheric CO 2 . If we
could do that, we would also remove CO 2
from the atmosphere, which we need to
do if we are to keep global warming under
control.
Answers to 7 Chap. 1
1. Carbon dioxide + water give carbohydrates + oxygen (Eq. 1.1).
2. Sucrose, glucose, fructose (isomaltulose,
d-xylose, l-sorbose are also industrial sugars, but much less important).
3. Both have the same molecular formula
C 10 H 16 and are therefore chemically closely
related.
4. Yes, e.g. red and brown algae, which contain
heteropolysaccharides, or chitin in the skeletal shells of shrimps and crabs.
5. No, for example also in the natural fibers
cotton and hemp.
6. No, they also contain carbohydrates, vitamins, nutraceuticals and proteins.
7. The jojoba plant produces waxes, i.e. esters
of long-chain monocarboxylic acids with
long-chain alcohols (cf. . Table 1.2).
8. Cellulose (39%), followed by lignin (30%).
Since both are chemically linked to each
other, they are also called lignocelluloses.
9. In Germany, fats and oils are processed most
frequently. One of the pioneers of oleochemistry was Fritz Henkel in Düsseldorf.
10. Industrial plants are used as materials (e.g.
wood for paper production); energy plants
are used as energy sources (e.g. rapeseed oil
for biodiesel).
Answers to 7 Chap. 2
1. Yes, but very seldom. Examples are pentadecanoic acid, the C15:0 acid, or margaric
acid, the heptadecanoic acid (C17:0).
2. C18:1(Δ6/c.); C18:1(Δ9/t.); C22:1(Δ13/t.).
3. 12-Hydroxystearic acid, ricinoleic acid,
lesquerolicacid.
4. Short-chain fatty acids in the C number
range from C12 to C14 are summarized
under “Laurics”. They occur almost exclusively in coconut and palm kernel oil.
5. MUFAs are monounsaturated fatty acids,
such as oleic acid. PUFAs are polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid,
linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or
docosahexaenoic acid.
6. If you love your dog, do not feed it to him:
The press cake contains the toxic ingredients
ricin and ricinin, which can be destroyed by
heating or treatment with bases.
7. The olive tree has long roots that reach
up to 6 m deep into the soil and therefore
require little water. It also grows on stony,
dry slopes. Even less demanding are the
jojoba and jatropha bushes, which can also
be planted in dry savannahs, where no other
agricultural plants can survive.
8. Linseed oil is the best drying oil, because it
contains large amounts of triple unsaturated
linolenic acid, which polymerizes in the air
to a solid compound. The liquid oil becomes
Answers to the Quickies
Answers to the Quickies
Answers to the Quickies in the Foreword
1. Lignin and cellulose
2. Lignin and cellulose
3. We need to have enough land area to grow
food so we can’t just turn over land to make
chemical feedstocks
4. Terpenes, natural rubber
5. Lignin, cashew nut shell liquid
6. 7 Section 4.2.2
7. This is a very attractive idea since
Fischer-Tropsch chemistry works using
CO 2 as the feedstock. The main problem is
that, although we have too much CO 2 in the
atmosphere, leading to global warming, it is
still at a low concentration (400 ppm) so it
is very difficult to harvest it at scale. Small
scale use of this technology at sites where
CO 2 is produced in large quantities at high
concentration (usually from burning fossil
fuels) could be worth developing but, if we
are successful in phasing out fossil fuels,
this is unlikely to be a long term solution
until we can capture atmospheric CO 2 . If we
could do that, we would also remove CO 2
from the atmosphere, which we need to
do if we are to keep global warming under
control.
Answers to 7 Chap. 1
1. Carbon dioxide + water give carbohydrates + oxygen (Eq. 1.1).
2. Sucrose, glucose, fructose (isomaltulose,
d-xylose, l-sorbose are also industrial sugars, but much less important).
3. Both have the same molecular formula
C 10 H 16 and are therefore chemically closely
related.
4. Yes, e.g. red and brown algae, which contain
heteropolysaccharides, or chitin in the skeletal shells of shrimps and crabs.
5. No, for example also in the natural fibers
cotton and hemp.
6. No, they also contain carbohydrates, vitamins, nutraceuticals and proteins.
7. The jojoba plant produces waxes, i.e. esters
of long-chain monocarboxylic acids with
long-chain alcohols (cf. . Table 1.2).
8. Cellulose (39%), followed by lignin (30%).
Since both are chemically linked to each
other, they are also called lignocelluloses.
9. In Germany, fats and oils are processed most
frequently. One of the pioneers of oleochemistry was Fritz Henkel in Düsseldorf.
10. Industrial plants are used as materials (e.g.
wood for paper production); energy plants
are used as energy sources (e.g. rapeseed oil
for biodiesel).
Answers to 7 Chap. 2
1. Yes, but very seldom. Examples are pentadecanoic acid, the C15:0 acid, or margaric
acid, the heptadecanoic acid (C17:0).
2. C18:1(Δ6/c.); C18:1(Δ9/t.); C22:1(Δ13/t.).
3. 12-Hydroxystearic acid, ricinoleic acid,
lesquerolicacid.
4. Short-chain fatty acids in the C number
range from C12 to C14 are summarized
under “Laurics”. They occur almost exclusively in coconut and palm kernel oil.
5. MUFAs are monounsaturated fatty acids,
such as oleic acid. PUFAs are polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid,
linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or
docosahexaenoic acid.
6. If you love your dog, do not feed it to him:
The press cake contains the toxic ingredients
ricin and ricinin, which can be destroyed by
heating or treatment with bases.
7. The olive tree has long roots that reach
up to 6 m deep into the soil and therefore
require little water. It also grows on stony,
dry slopes. Even less demanding are the
jojoba and jatropha bushes, which can also
be planted in dry savannahs, where no other
agricultural plants can survive.
8. Linseed oil is the best drying oil, because it
contains large amounts of triple unsaturated
linolenic acid, which polymerizes in the air
to a solid compound. The liquid oil becomes