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Chapter 11 · The “Wood-Stuff” - Lignin
11
7. Explain why only about 2% of the total
lignin is used for material applications
annually!
8. What properties do lignosulfonates have,
and wherefore are they preferentially
used?
9. With which substrate is lignin converted
in a hydrogenation, how are the products
separated and which are the preferred
products?
10. Which aroma substance can be produced
by oxidative degradation from the waste
liquors of the sulfite process?
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Huang J, Fu S, Gan L (2019) Lignin chemistry and applications. Elsevier
Akpan EI, Adeosun SO (eds) (2019) Sustainable lignin for
carbon fibers: principles, techniques, and applications. Springer
Lu F, Yue F (eds) (2019) Lignin: biosynthesis, functions
and economic significance. Nova
Beckham GT (ed) (2018) Lignin valorization: emerging
approaches. Royal Society of Chemistry
Fang Z, Smith RL Jr (eds) (2016) Production of biofuels
and chemicals from lignin. Springer Science + Business Media, Singapore
Faruk O, Sain M (eds) (2016) Lignin in polymer composites. Elsevier, Oxford
Calvo-Flores FG, Dobado JA, Garcia JI, Martin-Martinez FJ
(2015) Lignin and lignans as renewable raw materials.
Wiley, Hoboken
Li C, Zhao X, Wang A, Huber GW, Zhang T (2015) Catalytic
transformation of lignin for the production of chemicals and fuels. Chem Rev 115:11559–11624
Barta K, Ford PC (2014) Catalytic conversion of nonfood
woody biomass solids to organic liquids. Acc Chem
Res 47:1503–1512
Patersen RJ (2012) Lignin-properties and applications in
biotechnology and bioenergy. Nova Science Publishers, New York
Saake B, Lehnen R (2012) Lignin. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Lin SY, Dence LW (eds) (2011) Methods in lignin chemistry. Springer, Berlin
Zakzeski J, Bruijnincx P, Jongerius AL, Weckhuysen BM
(2010) The catalytic valorization of lignin for the
production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev
110:3552–3599
Heitner C, Dimmel D, Schmidt J (2010) Lignin and lignans:
advances in chemistry. CRC Press
Nägele H, Pfitzer J, Nägele E, Inone ER, Eisenreich N, Eckl
W, Eyerer P (2002) Arboform® - a thermoplastic, processable material from lignin and natural fibers. In:
Hu TQ (ed) Chemical modification, properties, and
avoid the use of inorganic disintegration
chemicals. These are summarized under
the collective term Organosolv process
and provide a lignin with particularly
high purity.
5 The most important use of lignin in terms
of quantity is the combustion of the
dried waste liquors to generate energy
for the respective disintegration process.
Only a very small part of the lignin is
used as material, mainly in the form of
lignosulfonates.
5 Due to their surface activity,
lignosulfonates have dispersive
properties. They are physiologically and
ecologically harmless and are therefore
used in concrete, gypsum and cement to
improve their workability.
5 The binding properties of lignin are used
in a variety of applications: In fertilizers or
animal feed, it is used for pelletizing, and
in chipboard it can be used as a phenolic
resin substitute.
5 A small part of the lignin is further
processed to chemicals, e.g. by
gasification to synthesis gas, pyrolysis
to hydrocarbons or hydrogenation to
phenol derivatives.
5 Vanillin, which is also a cost-effective
starting material for the synthesis of
pharmaceuticals, can be produced from
the sulfite liquors in a complex process.
? Ten Quickies
1. Which functions does lignin have in
plants and where can it be found in
plants?
2. Explain why marine plants, unlike
terrestrial plants, do not need lignin!
3. Formulate the reaction equation between
sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol by
forming a β-5-bond!
4. What is the difference between lignin in
conifers and lignin in grass, respectively?
5. Which raw material is the largest resource
for lignin production each year?
6. What are the advantages of alternative
disintegration methods compared to the
two classical methods?
Chapter 11 · The “Wood-Stuff” - Lignin
11
7. Explain why only about 2% of the total
lignin is used for material applications
annually!
8. What properties do lignosulfonates have,
and wherefore are they preferentially
used?
9. With which substrate is lignin converted
in a hydrogenation, how are the products
separated and which are the preferred
products?
10. Which aroma substance can be produced
by oxidative degradation from the waste
liquors of the sulfite process?
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Huang J, Fu S, Gan L (2019) Lignin chemistry and applications. Elsevier
Akpan EI, Adeosun SO (eds) (2019) Sustainable lignin for
carbon fibers: principles, techniques, and applications. Springer
Lu F, Yue F (eds) (2019) Lignin: biosynthesis, functions
and economic significance. Nova
Beckham GT (ed) (2018) Lignin valorization: emerging
approaches. Royal Society of Chemistry
Fang Z, Smith RL Jr (eds) (2016) Production of biofuels
and chemicals from lignin. Springer Science + Business Media, Singapore
Faruk O, Sain M (eds) (2016) Lignin in polymer composites. Elsevier, Oxford
Calvo-Flores FG, Dobado JA, Garcia JI, Martin-Martinez FJ
(2015) Lignin and lignans as renewable raw materials.
Wiley, Hoboken
Li C, Zhao X, Wang A, Huber GW, Zhang T (2015) Catalytic
transformation of lignin for the production of chemicals and fuels. Chem Rev 115:11559–11624
Barta K, Ford PC (2014) Catalytic conversion of nonfood
woody biomass solids to organic liquids. Acc Chem
Res 47:1503–1512
Patersen RJ (2012) Lignin-properties and applications in
biotechnology and bioenergy. Nova Science Publishers, New York
Saake B, Lehnen R (2012) Lignin. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Lin SY, Dence LW (eds) (2011) Methods in lignin chemistry. Springer, Berlin
Zakzeski J, Bruijnincx P, Jongerius AL, Weckhuysen BM
(2010) The catalytic valorization of lignin for the
production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev
110:3552–3599
Heitner C, Dimmel D, Schmidt J (2010) Lignin and lignans:
advances in chemistry. CRC Press
Nägele H, Pfitzer J, Nägele E, Inone ER, Eisenreich N, Eckl
W, Eyerer P (2002) Arboform® - a thermoplastic, processable material from lignin and natural fibers. In:
Hu TQ (ed) Chemical modification, properties, and
avoid the use of inorganic disintegration
chemicals. These are summarized under
the collective term Organosolv process
and provide a lignin with particularly
high purity.
5 The most important use of lignin in terms
of quantity is the combustion of the
dried waste liquors to generate energy
for the respective disintegration process.
Only a very small part of the lignin is
used as material, mainly in the form of
lignosulfonates.
5 Due to their surface activity,
lignosulfonates have dispersive
properties. They are physiologically and
ecologically harmless and are therefore
used in concrete, gypsum and cement to
improve their workability.
5 The binding properties of lignin are used
in a variety of applications: In fertilizers or
animal feed, it is used for pelletizing, and
in chipboard it can be used as a phenolic
resin substitute.
5 A small part of the lignin is further
processed to chemicals, e.g. by
gasification to synthesis gas, pyrolysis
to hydrocarbons or hydrogenation to
phenol derivatives.
5 Vanillin, which is also a cost-effective
starting material for the synthesis of
pharmaceuticals, can be produced from
the sulfite liquors in a complex process.
? Ten Quickies
1. Which functions does lignin have in
plants and where can it be found in
plants?
2. Explain why marine plants, unlike
terrestrial plants, do not need lignin!
3. Formulate the reaction equation between
sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol by
forming a β-5-bond!
4. What is the difference between lignin in
conifers and lignin in grass, respectively?
5. Which raw material is the largest resource
for lignin production each year?
6. What are the advantages of alternative
disintegration methods compared to the
two classical methods?