3 Phycobiliproteins in Microalgae: Occurrence …
55
UV radiation reduces the fluorescent nature of PBPs (Breinig et al. 2003, Kannaujiya and Sinha 2017a, b). The intensity of light also affects PBP composition in
cyanobacteria. Apart from UV radiation, light intensity of visible spectrum also
affects the growth of cyanobacteria. It has been noticed that low and medium light
intensity are being widely used for the efficient productivity of PBPs (Pagels et al.
2019). The divergence of growth at different light intensities shows that 25 μmol
photons/m2/s was the best-suited intensity for optimum growth of Spirulina sp.
(Tomasseli et al. 1995, 1997), Synechococcus NKBG 042,902 (Takano et al. 1995),
and Synechocystis sp. (Hong and Lee 2008). However, optimum growth was recorded
after 50% reduction in light intensity (12.5 μmol photons/m2/s) in cyanobacteria
Nostoc muscorum (Ranjitha and Kaushik 2005) and Nostoc UAM 206 (Poza-Carrion
et al. 2001). Interestingly, it has been suggested that bilin proteins for PBPs are
more stimulated in low light intensities due to minimum energy consumption in
the maintenance of the photosystem (Grossman et al. 1993). Eukaryotic red algae
required higher irradiance for growth and development such as 40 μmol photons/m
2 /s
intensity optimum for Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Carnicas et al. 1999) and 65 μmol
photons/m
2 /s for Audouinella, Batrachospermum, and Compsopogon (Zucchi and
Neechi 2001). Certain cyanobacterium such as Arthronema africanum required high
light intensity of up to 150 μmol photons/m
2 /s for optimum production of PBPs
(Chaneva et al. 2007). The optimum intensity of color of light may enhance the
productivity of PBPs in certain cyanobacteria. It has been reported that red light
may affect the growth of cyanobacteria and stimulate production of PC in Anacystis
nidulans (Lonneborg et al. 1985), Synechococcus (Takano et al. 1995), Calothrix
7601 (Liotenberg et al. 1996), Nostoc UAM206 (Poza-Carrion et al. 2001), and
Nostoc muscorum (Ranjitha and Kaushik 2005). The wavelength of the blue spectrum has shown stimulatory effects for PE synthesis in red algae such as Rhodella
reticulata (Mihova et al. 1996), Porphyra leucosticta (Tsekos et al. 2002), Chondrus crispus (Franklin et al. 2002), and Halymenia floresii (Godinez-Ortega et al.
2008). The dynamic fluctuation of light/dark photoperiod exhibits light periodsinduced change in accessory light-harvesting capacity for photosynthesis (Kono and
Terashima 2014). The fluctuation in UV-B radiation suggests induction of photoprotective mechanism to protect PBPs from damage (Chukhutsina et al. 2015). In
industry, a open and closed system has been used for the large scale production of
PBPs. The open system is categorized into four such as tanks, circular ponds, raceway,
and shallow pond. However, cyanobacterial growth has been inhibited by the variable
environmental condition. To obtain high productivity rate, a paddle-wheel attached
for proper aeration in raceway ponds and stress adaptable organisms are being used
(Kannaujiya et al. 2017d). However, close bioreactors have an advantage over the
open bioreactor in reducing the chance of contamination, water evaporation, and
efficient utilization of nutrients for higher productivity. There are four types of close
photobioreactors such as annular, airlift, plate, and tube system for large scale production of biomass or value-added compounds. However, costs of production of biomass
are higher in comparison to open photobioreactor system (Tredici et al. 2015). From
economical point of view, open photobioreactors/pond system are more feasible as
compared to others.
55
UV radiation reduces the fluorescent nature of PBPs (Breinig et al. 2003, Kannaujiya and Sinha 2017a, b). The intensity of light also affects PBP composition in
cyanobacteria. Apart from UV radiation, light intensity of visible spectrum also
affects the growth of cyanobacteria. It has been noticed that low and medium light
intensity are being widely used for the efficient productivity of PBPs (Pagels et al.
2019). The divergence of growth at different light intensities shows that 25 μmol
photons/m2/s was the best-suited intensity for optimum growth of Spirulina sp.
(Tomasseli et al. 1995, 1997), Synechococcus NKBG 042,902 (Takano et al. 1995),
and Synechocystis sp. (Hong and Lee 2008). However, optimum growth was recorded
after 50% reduction in light intensity (12.5 μmol photons/m2/s) in cyanobacteria
Nostoc muscorum (Ranjitha and Kaushik 2005) and Nostoc UAM 206 (Poza-Carrion
et al. 2001). Interestingly, it has been suggested that bilin proteins for PBPs are
more stimulated in low light intensities due to minimum energy consumption in
the maintenance of the photosystem (Grossman et al. 1993). Eukaryotic red algae
required higher irradiance for growth and development such as 40 μmol photons/m
2 /s
intensity optimum for Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Carnicas et al. 1999) and 65 μmol
photons/m
2 /s for Audouinella, Batrachospermum, and Compsopogon (Zucchi and
Neechi 2001). Certain cyanobacterium such as Arthronema africanum required high
light intensity of up to 150 μmol photons/m
2 /s for optimum production of PBPs
(Chaneva et al. 2007). The optimum intensity of color of light may enhance the
productivity of PBPs in certain cyanobacteria. It has been reported that red light
may affect the growth of cyanobacteria and stimulate production of PC in Anacystis
nidulans (Lonneborg et al. 1985), Synechococcus (Takano et al. 1995), Calothrix
7601 (Liotenberg et al. 1996), Nostoc UAM206 (Poza-Carrion et al. 2001), and
Nostoc muscorum (Ranjitha and Kaushik 2005). The wavelength of the blue spectrum has shown stimulatory effects for PE synthesis in red algae such as Rhodella
reticulata (Mihova et al. 1996), Porphyra leucosticta (Tsekos et al. 2002), Chondrus crispus (Franklin et al. 2002), and Halymenia floresii (Godinez-Ortega et al.
2008). The dynamic fluctuation of light/dark photoperiod exhibits light periodsinduced change in accessory light-harvesting capacity for photosynthesis (Kono and
Terashima 2014). The fluctuation in UV-B radiation suggests induction of photoprotective mechanism to protect PBPs from damage (Chukhutsina et al. 2015). In
industry, a open and closed system has been used for the large scale production of
PBPs. The open system is categorized into four such as tanks, circular ponds, raceway,
and shallow pond. However, cyanobacterial growth has been inhibited by the variable
environmental condition. To obtain high productivity rate, a paddle-wheel attached
for proper aeration in raceway ponds and stress adaptable organisms are being used
(Kannaujiya et al. 2017d). However, close bioreactors have an advantage over the
open bioreactor in reducing the chance of contamination, water evaporation, and
efficient utilization of nutrients for higher productivity. There are four types of close
photobioreactors such as annular, airlift, plate, and tube system for large scale production of biomass or value-added compounds. However, costs of production of biomass
are higher in comparison to open photobioreactor system (Tredici et al. 2015). From
economical point of view, open photobioreactors/pond system are more feasible as
compared to others.