24 Diagnostic Applications of Phycobiliproteins
607
Table 24.11 (continued)
Company and country
URL
Creative Diagnostics, USA
https://www.cd-bioparticles.
com
are marketed, for example, streptavidin-conjugated PE & APC, activated PE &
APC, custom conjugated PE & APC, cross-linked APC, purified PC & PE, monoclonal antibody conjugates of PE, polyclonal antibody FITC cross-linked PE,
peridinin-chlorophyll-PBP complex, SMCC (succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) activated cross-linked APC, micro bead conjugated PE,
magnetic bead conjugated PE, nano bead conjugated PE, dyes conjugated PE & APC,
multi-color detection system using PE & APC, etc. Further, a variety of kits are also
marketed like labeling kits with PE & APC, conjugation kits with PE, detection kits
using PE, etc. Among all these products as well as in patents, mostly PE is employed
followed by APC and PC. It indicates the preferential suitability of PE in terms of
emission characteristics and amenabilities for modification and conjugation. Most
of the products and kits marketed are commonly revealed in patents which indicate
the commercial dimension of PBPs for diagnostic purposes as fluorescent tags.
24.4 Conclusion
Diagnostic applications of phycobiliproteins are apparently seems to indicate their
role as an effective detection moiety by exhibiting intense fluorescence. Initial trends
indicate their usage in the diagnosis of various illnesses of human-like metabolic
disorders, infectious diseases, cancers, and immune disorders. But of late, they find
their application in prognosis and theranostics also. It is vital to note that the therapeutic properties of phycobiliproteins were coupled with their diagnostic role in some
of the theranostics. The dual role in diagnosis and therapy deserves futuristic attention. Further, the ambit of diagnosis is extended to cellular, subcellular, and biological
investigations and animal diseases reaching to environmental concerns. Newer and
novel hybrids and conjugates of PBPs are in the offing. Similarly, their use is intensified in kits based on antibodies/antigens/receptors/ligands/markers/proteins and
traverse as molecular beacons in genomics coupled with improvements in methodology. Their ability as signal amplifiers helps in early diagnosis of diseases which
is characterized by low-intensity expression of disease-specific markers. Usage of
PBPs as imaging agents rather than chemical dyes is preferential due to the lack of
toxicity. Such special attributes of these pigments induce a wave of research coupled
with patenting and commercial activities that collectively contribute to the marketing
of newer products and diagnostic kits.
Patent databases
AusPat database—https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au
607
Table 24.11 (continued)
Company and country
URL
Creative Diagnostics, USA
https://www.cd-bioparticles.
com
are marketed, for example, streptavidin-conjugated PE & APC, activated PE &
APC, custom conjugated PE & APC, cross-linked APC, purified PC & PE, monoclonal antibody conjugates of PE, polyclonal antibody FITC cross-linked PE,
peridinin-chlorophyll-PBP complex, SMCC (succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) activated cross-linked APC, micro bead conjugated PE,
magnetic bead conjugated PE, nano bead conjugated PE, dyes conjugated PE & APC,
multi-color detection system using PE & APC, etc. Further, a variety of kits are also
marketed like labeling kits with PE & APC, conjugation kits with PE, detection kits
using PE, etc. Among all these products as well as in patents, mostly PE is employed
followed by APC and PC. It indicates the preferential suitability of PE in terms of
emission characteristics and amenabilities for modification and conjugation. Most
of the products and kits marketed are commonly revealed in patents which indicate
the commercial dimension of PBPs for diagnostic purposes as fluorescent tags.
24.4 Conclusion
Diagnostic applications of phycobiliproteins are apparently seems to indicate their
role as an effective detection moiety by exhibiting intense fluorescence. Initial trends
indicate their usage in the diagnosis of various illnesses of human-like metabolic
disorders, infectious diseases, cancers, and immune disorders. But of late, they find
their application in prognosis and theranostics also. It is vital to note that the therapeutic properties of phycobiliproteins were coupled with their diagnostic role in some
of the theranostics. The dual role in diagnosis and therapy deserves futuristic attention. Further, the ambit of diagnosis is extended to cellular, subcellular, and biological
investigations and animal diseases reaching to environmental concerns. Newer and
novel hybrids and conjugates of PBPs are in the offing. Similarly, their use is intensified in kits based on antibodies/antigens/receptors/ligands/markers/proteins and
traverse as molecular beacons in genomics coupled with improvements in methodology. Their ability as signal amplifiers helps in early diagnosis of diseases which
is characterized by low-intensity expression of disease-specific markers. Usage of
PBPs as imaging agents rather than chemical dyes is preferential due to the lack of
toxicity. Such special attributes of these pigments induce a wave of research coupled
with patenting and commercial activities that collectively contribute to the marketing
of newer products and diagnostic kits.
Patent databases
AusPat database—https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au