24 Diagnostic Applications of Phycobiliproteins
593
24.2.3 Diagnosis of Human Cancers
In succession to the diagnosis of human pathogenic and non-pathogenic diseases, a
wide variety of human cancers could be detected employing PBPs as a component
of detection. In one such embodiment, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed by CD5– FITC/CD19- phycoerythrin immunostaining (Gupta et al. 2004)
where FITC was a cross-linker. The detection of liver cancer using the biomarkers,
α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen was made by the recombinant fusion
protein, streptavidin-phycobiliproteins (SA-PBPs) in Sandwich ELISA. Streptavidin
is a protein obtained from Streptomyces avidinii (Ge et al. 2017). Human breast
cancer was diagnosed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-human leukocytic antigen antibody and a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-mouse pan-leukocyte
CD45 antibody (Allan et al. 2005). Detection of colorectal cancer with microarray
of surface protein profiles and multiplexing with fluorescently labeled (phycoerythrin) antibodies against particular cell types. Evaluation of heterogeneity of human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression in solid tumors like cervical tumor was
done. It involved simultaneous measurement of normal stromal cells (vimentin positive), inflammatory cells (CD45 positive), epithelial cells (keratin positive), and DNA
content readily using R-phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin (APC) along with two other
dyes (Corver et al. 2000).
In order to differentiate the leukemic B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders by quantitative flow cytometry, phycoerythrin-conjugated CD19, CD20, CD22,
CD23, CD79b, and CD5 monoclonal antibodies and pre-calibrated beads were used
to calculate the number of antigen molecules per cell (D’Arena et al. 2000). It
resulted in the discrimination of chronic lymphocytic leukemias, prolymphocytic
leukemias, hairy cell leukemias, splenic lymphomas with villous lymphocytes, and
mantle cell lymphomas. Plasmonic chip (based on plasmon resonance) which is a
metal coated substrate with grating structure was known to provide enhanced fluorescence supporting immunosensing and bioimaging and used in the sensitive diagnosis
of breast cancer. In living breast cancer cell lines, multi-color stained with 4
,6diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for nucleus and allophycocyanin-labeled antiEpCAM antibody, to stain epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) contained in
the cell membrane was made (Tawa et al. 2016). Drug (imatinib mesylate) induced
proteomic changes in leukemia cells was analyzed using streptavidin phycoerythrin
conjugate as the fluorescent detection system (Stuchlý et al. 2012).
Commensurate with previous cases of applications, these pigments were vitally
used in patents on the diagnosis of human cancers too (Table 24.3). It includes
the detection of cancer or tumor in general along with organ-specific and bloodrelated cancers and certain cancer-related assessments. In organ specific, diagnosis
of cancers of pancreas, liver, colorectum, oral and nasopharyngeal, lungs, bones,
ovary, cervix, and prostate were frequent. Among blood-related cancers, diagnosis
of leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are prominent. Additionally, many follow up
cancer assessments were also performed and patented (Table 24.3).
593
24.2.3 Diagnosis of Human Cancers
In succession to the diagnosis of human pathogenic and non-pathogenic diseases, a
wide variety of human cancers could be detected employing PBPs as a component
of detection. In one such embodiment, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed by CD5– FITC/CD19- phycoerythrin immunostaining (Gupta et al. 2004)
where FITC was a cross-linker. The detection of liver cancer using the biomarkers,
α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen was made by the recombinant fusion
protein, streptavidin-phycobiliproteins (SA-PBPs) in Sandwich ELISA. Streptavidin
is a protein obtained from Streptomyces avidinii (Ge et al. 2017). Human breast
cancer was diagnosed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-human leukocytic antigen antibody and a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-mouse pan-leukocyte
CD45 antibody (Allan et al. 2005). Detection of colorectal cancer with microarray
of surface protein profiles and multiplexing with fluorescently labeled (phycoerythrin) antibodies against particular cell types. Evaluation of heterogeneity of human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression in solid tumors like cervical tumor was
done. It involved simultaneous measurement of normal stromal cells (vimentin positive), inflammatory cells (CD45 positive), epithelial cells (keratin positive), and DNA
content readily using R-phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin (APC) along with two other
dyes (Corver et al. 2000).
In order to differentiate the leukemic B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders by quantitative flow cytometry, phycoerythrin-conjugated CD19, CD20, CD22,
CD23, CD79b, and CD5 monoclonal antibodies and pre-calibrated beads were used
to calculate the number of antigen molecules per cell (D’Arena et al. 2000). It
resulted in the discrimination of chronic lymphocytic leukemias, prolymphocytic
leukemias, hairy cell leukemias, splenic lymphomas with villous lymphocytes, and
mantle cell lymphomas. Plasmonic chip (based on plasmon resonance) which is a
metal coated substrate with grating structure was known to provide enhanced fluorescence supporting immunosensing and bioimaging and used in the sensitive diagnosis
of breast cancer. In living breast cancer cell lines, multi-color stained with 4
,6diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for nucleus and allophycocyanin-labeled antiEpCAM antibody, to stain epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) contained in
the cell membrane was made (Tawa et al. 2016). Drug (imatinib mesylate) induced
proteomic changes in leukemia cells was analyzed using streptavidin phycoerythrin
conjugate as the fluorescent detection system (Stuchlý et al. 2012).
Commensurate with previous cases of applications, these pigments were vitally
used in patents on the diagnosis of human cancers too (Table 24.3). It includes
the detection of cancer or tumor in general along with organ-specific and bloodrelated cancers and certain cancer-related assessments. In organ specific, diagnosis
of cancers of pancreas, liver, colorectum, oral and nasopharyngeal, lungs, bones,
ovary, cervix, and prostate were frequent. Among blood-related cancers, diagnosis
of leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are prominent. Additionally, many follow up
cancer assessments were also performed and patented (Table 24.3).