18 Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Carotenoids
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Table 18.1 Summary of the effects of Z-isomerization of carotenoids on the bioavailability,
antioxidant activity, and bioactivity
Carotenoids
Bioavailability
Antioxidant activity
Bioactivity
Lycopene
• E a < Z b (Sun et al.
2016)
• E < Z (Cooperstone
et al. 2015)
• E < Z (Unlu et al. 2007)
• E Z (Müller et al.
2011b)
• E Z (Böhm et al.
2002)
–
α-Carotene
–
• E ≈ Z (Böhm et al.
2002)
–
β-Carotene
• E > Z (Deming et al.
2002)
• E > Z (During et al.
2002)
• E > Z (Gaziano et al.
1995)
• E > Z (Stahl et al. 1995)
• E ≈ Z (Böhm et al.
2002)
• E > Z (Lavy et al.
1993)
• E < Z (Levin et al.
1997)
Anti-atherogenesis
activity:
• E < Z (Harai et al.
2008)
Anti-atherosclerosis
activity:
• E < Z (Relevy et al.
2015)
Astaxanthin
• E < Z (Yang et al.
2017a)
• E < Z (Coral-Hinostroza
et al. 2004)
• E Z (Østerlie et al.
2000)
• E < Z (Yang et al.
2017a)
• E Z (Yang et al.
2017b)
• E < Z (Liu and Osawa
2007)
–
Canthaxanthin –
• E < Z (Venugopalan
et al. 2013)
Pro-apoptotic activity:
• E < Z (Venugopalan
et al. 2009)
Fucoxanthin
–
• E ≈ Z (Zhang et al.
2014)
• E > Z (Kawee-ai et al.
2013)
Anti-cancer activity
• E < Z (Nakazawa
et al. 2009)
Lutein
• E > Z (Yang et al.
2018) c
• E < Z (Yang et al.
2018) d
• E Z (Yang et al.
2018)
–
Zeaxanthin
–
• E Z (Böhm et al.
2002)
–
a all-E-Isomer of carotenoid.
b Z-Isomer of carotenoid.
c Evaluated by a digestion model.
d Evaluated in Caco-2 cells